applied kinesiology terms (ch3) Flashcards
the study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement
kinesiology
activities of daily living
ADL
muscular balance
the symmetry of the interconnected components of muscle and connective tissue
the mechanics of biological and muscular activity
biomechanics
the study of the form, pattern, or sequence of movement without regard for the forces that may produce that motion
kinematics
the branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces on the body
kinetics
Newton’s theory stating that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
law of gravity
Newton’s first law of motion stating that a body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force
law of inertia
Newton’s second law of motion stating that the force acting on a body in a given direction is equal to the body’s mass times its acceleration in that direction
law of acceleration
Newton’s third law of motion stating that for every applied force there is an equal and opposite reactive force
law of reaction
an external force acting on a system (body or body segment)
applied force
high intensity movement, such as jumping, involving high-force loading of body weight during the landing phase of the movement
plyometrics
the imaginary line or point about which an object rotates
axis of rotation
standing erect with the feet and palms facing forward
anatomical position
the force that starts or causes a movement
motive force
a force that resists the motion of another external force
resistive force
a type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle develops tension and shortens when stimulated
concentric
a type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle lengthens against a resistance when it is stimulated
sometimes called negative work or negative reps
eccentric
a type of muscular contraction in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs
isometric
a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed support (fulcrum) in response to an applied force
levers
the support on which a lever rotates when moving or lifting something
fulcrum
the result of a force pushing or pulling an object around an axis
often described as a twisting or rotation action
torque
the muscle directly responsible for observed movement
agonist (prime mover)
the muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist muscle
antagonist
a muscle that assists another muscle in function
synergist
the mutual coordination of antagonist muscles to maintain a position
co-contraction
the ability to maintain the body’s position over its base of support within stability limits, both statically and dynamically
balance
characteristic of the body’s joints of posture that represents resistance to change of position
stability
the number of degrees through which an articulation will allow one of its segments to move
range of motion (ROM)
the degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues
mobility
the arrangement of the body and its limbs
posture
the point around which all weight is evenly distributed
also called center of mass (COM)
center of gravity (COG)
a theoretical vertical line passing through the center of gravity, dissecting the body into two hemispheres
line of gravity
the areas of contact between the feet and their supporting surface and the area between the feet
base of support (BOS)
the attachment site of a tendon or a muscle attached to the relatively more fixed or proximal bone
origin
excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (many also occur at the neck)
lordosis
a band of connective tissue that extends from the iliac crest to the knee and links the gluteus maximus to the tibia
iliotibial (IT) band
a phenomenon that increases knee joint stability by locking the femur on the tibia (or vice versa) when the knee is fully extended
screw-home mechanism
muscles that actively contribute to core stability
dynamic stabilizers
maximum distance a person can intentionally displace his or her center of gravity in a given direction without losing balance, stepping, or reaching for assistance
stability limits
excessive posterior curvature of the spine, typically seen in the thoracic region
kyphosis
excessive lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
a position of the spine that minimizes the natural curve by placing the pelvis in a slight posterior tilt
flat-back posture
a long outward curve of the thoracic spine with a backward shift of the trunk starting from the pelvis
sway-back posture
a reduction in muscle size due to inactivity or immobilization
atrophy
when the muscles of the trunk function in harmony to stabilize the spine and pelvis to provide a solid foundation for movement in the extremities
core stability
bony configuration of joint, fibrocartilages, and ligaments that contribute to core stability
static stabilizers
a white, flattened, tendinous expansion that mainly serves to connect a muscle to the parts it moves
aponeurosis
the collective internal organs of the abdominal cavity
viscera
the articulation of the scapula with the thorax beneath it
shoulder girdle (scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation)
the three segments of the shoulder
scapula
clavicle
humerus
shoulder joint complex
the ball and socket joint composed of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humeral head
glenohumeral (G/H) joint
the junction of the sternum and the proximal clavical
sternoclavicular (S/C) joint
the junction of the acromion process of the scapula with the distal clavicle
acrominoclavicular (A/C) joint
a biplanar movement involving the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
circumduction
combined action of scapular and humeral movement
scapulohumeral rhythm
a pneumonic device for naming the rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
SITS
a relative measure of body height to body weight used to determine levels of weight, from underweight to extreme obesity
body mass index (BMI)
a method of physical training in which a variety of exercise and changes in body positions or modes of exercise are utilized to positively affect compliance and motivation, and also stimulate additional strength gains or reduce injury risk
cross-training
one’s perception of his or her ability to change or perform specific behaviors
self-efficacy
