applied kinesiology terms (ch3)

Question 1

the study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement

Answer 1

kinesiology

Question 2

activities of daily living

Answer 2

ADL

Question 3

muscular balance

Answer 3

the symmetry of the interconnected components of muscle and connective tissue

Question 4

the mechanics of biological and muscular activity

Answer 4

biomechanics

Question 5

the study of the form, pattern, or sequence of movement without regard for the forces that may produce that motion

Answer 5

kinematics

Question 6

the branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces on the body

Answer 6

kinetics

Question 7

Newton’s theory stating that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Answer 7

law of gravity

Question 8

Newton’s first law of motion stating that a body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force

Answer 8

law of inertia

Question 9

Newton’s second law of motion stating that the force acting on a body in a given direction is equal to the body’s mass times its acceleration in that direction

Answer 9

law of acceleration

Question 10

Newton’s third law of motion stating that for every applied force there is an equal and opposite reactive force

Answer 10

law of reaction

Question 11

an external force acting on a system (body or body segment)

Answer 11

applied force

Question 12

high intensity movement, such as jumping, involving high-force loading of body weight during the landing phase of the movement

Answer 12

plyometrics

Question 13

the imaginary line or point about which an object rotates

Answer 13

axis of rotation

Question 14

standing erect with the feet and palms facing forward

Answer 14

anatomical position

Question 15

the force that starts or causes a movement

Answer 15

motive force

Question 16

a force that resists the motion of another external force

Answer 16

resistive force

Question 17

a type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle develops tension and shortens when stimulated

Answer 17

concentric

Question 18

a type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle lengthens against a resistance when it is stimulated

sometimes called negative work or negative reps

Answer 18

eccentric

Question 19

a type of muscular contraction in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs

Answer 19

isometric

Question 20

a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed support (fulcrum) in response to an applied force

Answer 20

levers

Question 21

the support on which a lever rotates when moving or lifting something

Answer 21

fulcrum

Question 22

the result of a force pushing or pulling an object around an axis
often described as a twisting or rotation action

Answer 22

torque

Question 23

the muscle directly responsible for observed movement

Answer 23

agonist (prime mover)

Question 24

the muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist muscle

Answer 24

antagonist

Question 25

a muscle that assists another muscle in function

Answer 25

synergist

Question 26

the mutual coordination of antagonist muscles to maintain a position

Answer 26

co-contraction

Question 27

the ability to maintain the body's position over its base of support within stability limits, both statically and dynamically

Answer 27

balance

Question 28

characteristic of the body's joints of posture that represents resistance to change of position

Answer 28

stability

Question 29

the number of degrees through which an articulation will allow one of its segments to move

Answer 29

range of motion (ROM)

Question 30

the degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues

Answer 30

mobility

Question 31

the arrangement of the body and its limbs

Answer 31

posture

Question 32

the point around which all weight is evenly distributed also called center of mass (COM)

Answer 32

center of gravity (COG)

Question 33

a theoretical vertical line passing through the center of gravity, dissecting the body into two hemispheres

Answer 33

line of gravity

Question 34

the areas of contact between the feet and their supporting surface and the area between the feet

Answer 34

base of support (BOS)

Question 35

the attachment site of a tendon or a muscle attached to the relatively more fixed or proximal bone

Answer 35

origin

Question 36

excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (many also occur at the neck)

Answer 36

lordosis

Question 37

a band of connective tissue that extends from the iliac crest to the knee and links the gluteus maximus to the tibia

Answer 37

iliotibial (IT) band

Question 38

a phenomenon that increases knee joint stability by locking the femur on the tibia (or vice versa) when the knee is fully extended

Answer 38

screw-home mechanism

Question 39

muscles that actively contribute to core stability

Answer 39

dynamic stabilizers

Question 40

maximum distance a person can intentionally displace his or her center of gravity in a given direction without losing balance, stepping, or reaching for assistance

Answer 40

stability limits

Question 41

excessive posterior curvature of the spine, typically seen in the thoracic region

Answer 41

kyphosis

Question 42

excessive lateral curvature of the spine

Answer 42

scoliosis

Question 43

a position of the spine that minimizes the natural curve by placing the pelvis in a slight posterior tilt

Answer 43

flat-back posture

Question 44

a long outward curve of the thoracic spine with a backward shift of the trunk starting from the pelvis

Answer 44

sway-back posture

Question 45

a reduction in muscle size due to inactivity or immobilization

Answer 45

atrophy

Question 46

when the muscles of the trunk function in harmony to stabilize the spine and pelvis to provide a solid foundation for movement in the extremities

Answer 46

core stability

Question 47

bony configuration of joint, fibrocartilages, and ligaments that contribute to core stability

Answer 47

static stabilizers

Question 48

a white, flattened, tendinous expansion that mainly serves to connect a muscle to the parts it moves

Answer 48

aponeurosis

Question 49

the collective internal organs of the abdominal cavity

Answer 49

viscera

Question 50

the articulation of the scapula with the thorax beneath it

Answer 50

shoulder girdle (scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation)

Question 51

the three segments of the shoulder scapula clavicle humerus

Answer 51

shoulder joint complex

Question 52

the ball and socket joint composed of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humeral head

Answer 52

glenohumeral (G/H) joint

Question 53

the junction of the sternum and the proximal clavical

Answer 53

sternoclavicular (S/C) joint

Question 54

the junction of the acromion process of the scapula with the distal clavicle

Answer 54

acrominoclavicular (A/C) joint

Question 55

a biplanar movement involving the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

Answer 55

circumduction

Question 56

combined action of scapular and humeral movement

Answer 56

scapulohumeral rhythm

Question 57

a pneumonic device for naming the rotator cuff muscles supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis

Answer 57

SITS

Question 58

a relative measure of body height to body weight used to determine levels of weight, from underweight to extreme obesity

Answer 58

body mass index (BMI)

Question 59

a method of physical training in which a variety of exercise and changes in body positions or modes of exercise are utilized to positively affect compliance and motivation, and also stimulate additional strength gains or reduce injury risk

Answer 59

cross-training

Question 60

one's perception of his or her ability to change or perform specific behaviors

Answer 60

self-efficacy