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exercise physiology terms (ch2) Flashcards

1
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

blood leaves the ventricles

the pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction

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2
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

blood fills the ventricles

the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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3
Q

lipid

A

fats used in the body and bloodstream

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4
Q

glucose

A

a simple sugar

the form all carbohydrates are used as body’s principle energy source

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5
Q

muscular strength

A

the maximal force a muscle can exert during contraction

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6
Q

muscular endurance

A

the ability of a muscle to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time

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7
Q

range of motion (ROM)

A

the number of degrees through which an articulation will allow one of its segments to move

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8
Q

body composition

A

the make up of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat

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9
Q

lean body mass

A

the components of the body (apart from fat) including muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs

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10
Q

adipose tissue

A

fatty tissue

connective tissue made up of fat cells

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11
Q

essential fatty acids

A

fatty acids that the body needs but cannot synthesize

includes linolenic (omega-3) and linoleum (omega-6) fatty acids

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12
Q

storage fat

A

fat contained within adipose tissue that acts as an energy store and thermal insulation

cushions internal organs

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13
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg

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14
Q

carbohydrate

A

the body’s preferred energy source

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15
Q

adenosine trisphosphate (ATP)

A

a high energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function

produced both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body

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16
Q

lactate

A

metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue

a chemical derivative of lactic acid

formed when sugars are broken down for energy without the presence of oxygen

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17
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

the total volume of gas inspired or expired per minute

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18
Q

cardiac output

A

the product of heart rate and stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

expressed in liters of blood per minute

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19
Q

enzymes

A

a protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction

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20
Q

hemoglobin (Hb)

A

the protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules (by binding with them)

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21
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired per breath

a function of both rate and depth of breathing

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22
Q

emphysema

A

pulmonary disease

destruction of lung alveoli and surrounding connective tissue

airway inflammation, reduces ability to effectively inhale and exhale

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23
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

quantity of blood pumped per heartbeat

the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat

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24
Q

ejection factor

A

the percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart

percentage of the end diastolic volume that is ejected with each contraction

normally 50 - 60% at rest
increases to 60 - 80% during exercise

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25
ischemia
a decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organs, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels
26
mitochondria
the power plant of the cells where aerobic metabolism (production) occurs
27
viscera
the collective internal organs of the abdominal cavity
28
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the opening of blood vessels
29
vasodilation
increase in diameter of the blood vessels
30
amino acids
building blocks of protein
31
glycogen
main carbohydrate storage material formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle
32
creatine phosphate (CP)
a storage form of high energy phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used to supply energy for intense, short duration activities together with ATP are referred to as phosphagens
33
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
one of the chemical by-products of the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during muscle contraction
34
anaerobic glycolysis
the metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen produces lactic acid as a by-product also called lactic acid system or anaerobic glucose system
35
glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose (or its storage form glycogen)
36
pyruvate
a biochemical involved in the Kerb’s cycle that facilitates ATP production
37
aerobic glycolysis
a metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to facilitate the use of glycogen for energy (ATP)
38
Kreb’s cycle
a series of chemical reactions that act to break pyruvate down to carbon dioxide, water, and many hydrogen-powered molecules known as NADH and FADH2
39
beta oxidation
metabolic pathway involving the breakdown of fatty acids for the production of ATP also called fatty acid oxidation
40
respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
a ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed carbon dioxide produced / oxygen consumed
41
maximum heart rate (MHR)
the highest heart rate a person can attain HRmax
42
oxygen consumption (VO2)
the process by which oxygen is used to produce energy for cellular work also called oxygen uptake excellent measurement of ability to perform sustained endurance exercise; done by measuring the volume of air breathing and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide
43
maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max)
the greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and use for physical work the point at which oxygen consumption plateaus with an additional workload represents a persons capacity for the aerobic synthesis of ATP
44
steady state
constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity
45
parasympathetic nervous system
a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in regulating the routine functions of the body
46
epinephrine
a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise also called adrenaline
47
norepinephrine
a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise
48
catecholamine
hormone (epinephrine and norepinephrine) releases as part of the sympathetic response to exercise stimulates the body to adjust to increased metabolic demands of exercise
49
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
an increased rate of oxygen uptake following strenuous activity extra oxygen used to restore the body to a resting state
50
Q10 effect
chemical reactions occur twice as fast when the temperature is increased by 10 degrees C
51
anaerobic threshold (AT)
the point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates also called lactate threshold or first ventilator threshold (VT1)
52
secondary ventilatory threshold (VT2)
metabolic marker which represents the point at which high-intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate highest can be sustained for 30-60 minutes also called respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
53
first ventilatory threshold (VT1)
intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood highest can be sustained for 1-2 hours
54
ventilatory threshold (VT)
point of transition between predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production
55
talk test
a method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effort and the ability to talk while exercising
56
SAID principal
a training principal that states that the body will adapt to the specific challenges imposed in it as long as the program progressively overloads the system being trained specific adaptation to imposed demands
57
arteries
carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
58
veins
return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
59
major components of physical fitness
1. muscular strength and muscular endurance 2. cardiovascular or cardio respiratory endurance 3. flexibility 4. body composition 5. mind/body vitality
60
partial pressure
the relative amount and availability of an atmospheric gas at a given altitude
61
sympathetic stimulation
the process that results in preparing the body for exercise fight or flight mechanism
62
motor neurons
nervous system structures that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery
63
amenorrhea
condition associated with low body weight and excessively high levels of chronic exercise that can increase the risk of osteoporosis
64
sensory neuron
nerve cells that convey electrical impulses from sensory organs in the periphery to the spinal cord and brain (CNS)
65
synapse
the region of communication between neurons
66
neuromuscular junction | or motor end plate
the site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber
67
motor unit
a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers stimulate
68
hypertrophy
an increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance training
69
actin
thin contractile protein in a myofibril
70
myosin
thick contractile protein in a myofibril
71
myofibril
the portion of the muscle containing myosin and actin contractile filaments
72
vascularity
an increase in the number and size of blood vessels enhancing blood supply and oxygen delivery to muscle cells
73
osmolality
measure of the concentration of ionic substances in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, and glucose
74
alpha cells
endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhams of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone glucagon elevated the glucose levels in the blood
75
beta cells
endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhams of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone insulin lowers the glucose levels in the blood
76
peripheral vasodilation
widening of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels (vasodilation) of the peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation
77
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the opening of blood vessels caused by the contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels
78
specificity
exercise training principle explaining that specific exercise demands made in the body produce specific responses by the body

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