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ACE > exercise physiology terms (ch2) > Flashcards

exercise physiology terms (ch2) Flashcards

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1
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

blood leaves the ventricles

the pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction

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2
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

blood fills the ventricles

the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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3
Q

lipid

A

fats used in the body and bloodstream

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4
Q

glucose

A

a simple sugar

the form all carbohydrates are used as body’s principle energy source

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5
Q

muscular strength

A

the maximal force a muscle can exert during contraction

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6
Q

muscular endurance

A

the ability of a muscle to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time

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7
Q

range of motion (ROM)

A

the number of degrees through which an articulation will allow one of its segments to move

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8
Q

body composition

A

the make up of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat

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9
Q

lean body mass

A

the components of the body (apart from fat) including muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs

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10
Q

adipose tissue

A

fatty tissue

connective tissue made up of fat cells

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11
Q

essential fatty acids

A

fatty acids that the body needs but cannot synthesize

includes linolenic (omega-3) and linoleum (omega-6) fatty acids

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12
Q

storage fat

A

fat contained within adipose tissue that acts as an energy store and thermal insulation

cushions internal organs

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13
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg

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14
Q

carbohydrate

A

the body’s preferred energy source

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15
Q

adenosine trisphosphate (ATP)

A

a high energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function

produced both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body

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16
Q

lactate

A

metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue

a chemical derivative of lactic acid

formed when sugars are broken down for energy without the presence of oxygen

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17
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

the total volume of gas inspired or expired per minute

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18
Q

cardiac output

A

the product of heart rate and stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

expressed in liters of blood per minute

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19
Q

enzymes

A

a protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction

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20
Q

hemoglobin (Hb)

A

the protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules (by binding with them)

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21
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired per breath

a function of both rate and depth of breathing

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22
Q

emphysema

A

pulmonary disease

destruction of lung alveoli and surrounding connective tissue

airway inflammation, reduces ability to effectively inhale and exhale

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23
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

quantity of blood pumped per heartbeat

the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat

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24
Q

ejection factor

A

the percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart

percentage of the end diastolic volume that is ejected with each contraction

normally 50 - 60% at rest
increases to 60 - 80% during exercise

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25
Q

ischemia

A

a decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organs, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels

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26
Q

mitochondria

A

the power plant of the cells where aerobic metabolism (production) occurs

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27
Q

viscera

A

the collective internal organs of the abdominal cavity

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28
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the opening of blood vessels

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29
Q

vasodilation

A

increase in diameter of the blood vessels

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30
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of protein

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31
Q

glycogen

A

main carbohydrate storage material

formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle

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32
Q

creatine phosphate (CP)

A

a storage form of high energy phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

used to supply energy for intense, short duration activities

together with ATP are referred to as phosphagens

33
Q

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

one of the chemical by-products of the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during muscle contraction

34
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A

the metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen

produces lactic acid as a by-product

also called lactic acid system or anaerobic glucose system

35
Q

glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose (or its storage form glycogen)

36
Q

pyruvate

A

a biochemical involved in the Kerb’s cycle that facilitates ATP production

37
Q

aerobic glycolysis

A

a metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to facilitate the use of glycogen for energy (ATP)

38
Q

Kreb’s cycle

A

a series of chemical reactions that act to break pyruvate down to carbon dioxide, water, and many hydrogen-powered molecules known as NADH and FADH2

39
Q

beta oxidation

A

metabolic pathway involving the breakdown of fatty acids for the production of ATP

also called fatty acid oxidation

40
Q

respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

a ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed

carbon dioxide produced / oxygen consumed

41
Q

maximum heart rate (MHR)

A

the highest heart rate a person can attain

HRmax

42
Q

oxygen consumption (VO2)

A

the process by which oxygen is used to produce energy for cellular work

also called oxygen uptake

excellent measurement of ability to perform sustained endurance exercise; done by measuring the volume of air breathing and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide

43
Q

maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max)

A

the greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and use for physical work

the point at which oxygen consumption plateaus with an additional workload

represents a persons capacity for the aerobic synthesis of ATP

44
Q

steady state

A

constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity

45
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in regulating the routine functions of the body

46
Q

epinephrine

A

a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise

also called adrenaline

47
Q

norepinephrine

A

a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise

48
Q

catecholamine

A

hormone (epinephrine and norepinephrine) releases as part of the sympathetic response to exercise

stimulates the body to adjust to increased metabolic demands of exercise

49
Q

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

an increased rate of oxygen uptake following strenuous activity

extra oxygen used to restore the body to a resting state

50
Q

Q10 effect

A

chemical reactions occur twice as fast when the temperature is increased by 10 degrees C

51
Q

anaerobic threshold (AT)

A

the point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates

also called lactate threshold or first ventilator threshold (VT1)

52
Q

secondary ventilatory threshold (VT2)

A

metabolic marker which represents the point at which high-intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate

highest can be sustained for 30-60 minutes

also called respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

53
Q

first ventilatory threshold (VT1)

A

intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood

highest can be sustained for 1-2 hours

54
Q

ventilatory threshold (VT)

A

point of transition between predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production

55
Q

talk test

A

a method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effort and the ability to talk while exercising

56
Q

SAID principal

A

a training principal that states that the body will adapt to the specific challenges imposed in it as long as the program progressively overloads the system being trained

specific adaptation to imposed demands

57
Q

arteries

A

carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

58
Q

veins

A

return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

59
Q

major components of physical fitness

A
  1. muscular strength and muscular endurance
  2. cardiovascular or cardio respiratory endurance
  3. flexibility
  4. body composition
  5. mind/body vitality
60
Q

partial pressure

A

the relative amount and availability of an atmospheric gas at a given altitude

61
Q

sympathetic stimulation

A

the process that results in preparing the body for exercise

fight or flight mechanism

62
Q

motor neurons

A

nervous system structures that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery

63
Q

amenorrhea

A

condition associated with low body weight and excessively high levels of chronic exercise that can increase the risk of osteoporosis

64
Q

sensory neuron

A

nerve cells that convey electrical impulses from sensory organs in the periphery to the spinal cord and brain (CNS)

65
Q

synapse

A

the region of communication between neurons

66
Q

neuromuscular junction

or motor end plate

A

the site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber

67
Q

motor unit

A

a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers stimulate

68
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance training

69
Q

actin

A

thin contractile protein in a myofibril

70
Q

myosin

A

thick contractile protein in a myofibril

71
Q

myofibril

A

the portion of the muscle containing myosin and actin contractile filaments

72
Q

vascularity

A

an increase in the number and size of blood vessels enhancing blood supply and oxygen delivery to muscle cells

73
Q

osmolality

A

measure of the concentration of ionic substances in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, and glucose

74
Q

alpha cells

A

endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhams of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone glucagon

elevated the glucose levels in the blood

75
Q

beta cells

A

endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhams of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone insulin

lowers the glucose levels in the blood

76
Q

peripheral vasodilation

A

widening of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels (vasodilation) of the peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation

77
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the opening of blood vessels caused by the contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels

78
Q

specificity

A

exercise training principle explaining that specific exercise demands made in the body produce specific responses by the body

ACE (8 decks)

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