exercise physiology terms (ch2) Flashcards
systolic blood pressure
contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
blood leaves the ventricles
the pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction
diastolic blood pressure
relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
blood fills the ventricles
the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
lipid
fats used in the body and bloodstream
glucose
a simple sugar
the form all carbohydrates are used as body’s principle energy source
muscular strength
the maximal force a muscle can exert during contraction
muscular endurance
the ability of a muscle to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time
range of motion (ROM)
the number of degrees through which an articulation will allow one of its segments to move
body composition
the make up of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat
lean body mass
the components of the body (apart from fat) including muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs
adipose tissue
fatty tissue
connective tissue made up of fat cells
essential fatty acids
fatty acids that the body needs but cannot synthesize
includes linolenic (omega-3) and linoleum (omega-6) fatty acids
storage fat
fat contained within adipose tissue that acts as an energy store and thermal insulation
cushions internal organs
hypertension
high blood pressure
elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
carbohydrate
the body’s preferred energy source
adenosine trisphosphate (ATP)
a high energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function
produced both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body
lactate
metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue
a chemical derivative of lactic acid
formed when sugars are broken down for energy without the presence of oxygen
pulmonary ventilation
the total volume of gas inspired or expired per minute
cardiac output
the product of heart rate and stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
expressed in liters of blood per minute
enzymes
a protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction
hemoglobin (Hb)
the protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules (by binding with them)
tidal volume
the volume of air inspired per breath
a function of both rate and depth of breathing
emphysema
pulmonary disease
destruction of lung alveoli and surrounding connective tissue
airway inflammation, reduces ability to effectively inhale and exhale
stroke volume (SV)
quantity of blood pumped per heartbeat
the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat
ejection factor
the percentage of the total volume of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart
percentage of the end diastolic volume that is ejected with each contraction
normally 50 - 60% at rest
increases to 60 - 80% during exercise
ischemia
a decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organs, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels
mitochondria
the power plant of the cells where aerobic metabolism (production) occurs
viscera
the collective internal organs of the abdominal cavity
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the opening of blood vessels
vasodilation
increase in diameter of the blood vessels
amino acids
building blocks of protein
glycogen
main carbohydrate storage material
formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle
creatine phosphate (CP)
a storage form of high energy phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
used to supply energy for intense, short duration activities
together with ATP are referred to as phosphagens
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
one of the chemical by-products of the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during muscle contraction
anaerobic glycolysis
the metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without requiring oxygen
produces lactic acid as a by-product
also called lactic acid system or anaerobic glucose system
glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose (or its storage form glycogen)
pyruvate
a biochemical involved in the Kerb’s cycle that facilitates ATP production
aerobic glycolysis
a metabolic pathway that requires oxygen to facilitate the use of glycogen for energy (ATP)
Kreb’s cycle
a series of chemical reactions that act to break pyruvate down to carbon dioxide, water, and many hydrogen-powered molecules known as NADH and FADH2
beta oxidation
metabolic pathway involving the breakdown of fatty acids for the production of ATP
also called fatty acid oxidation
respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
a ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed
carbon dioxide produced / oxygen consumed
maximum heart rate (MHR)
the highest heart rate a person can attain
HRmax
oxygen consumption (VO2)
the process by which oxygen is used to produce energy for cellular work
also called oxygen uptake
excellent measurement of ability to perform sustained endurance exercise; done by measuring the volume of air breathing and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide
maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max)
the greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and use for physical work
the point at which oxygen consumption plateaus with an additional workload
represents a persons capacity for the aerobic synthesis of ATP
steady state
constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity
parasympathetic nervous system
a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in regulating the routine functions of the body
epinephrine
a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise
also called adrenaline
norepinephrine
a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise
catecholamine
hormone (epinephrine and norepinephrine) releases as part of the sympathetic response to exercise
stimulates the body to adjust to increased metabolic demands of exercise
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
an increased rate of oxygen uptake following strenuous activity
extra oxygen used to restore the body to a resting state
Q10 effect
chemical reactions occur twice as fast when the temperature is increased by 10 degrees C
anaerobic threshold (AT)
the point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates
also called lactate threshold or first ventilator threshold (VT1)
secondary ventilatory threshold (VT2)
metabolic marker which represents the point at which high-intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate
highest can be sustained for 30-60 minutes
also called respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
first ventilatory threshold (VT1)
intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood
highest can be sustained for 1-2 hours
ventilatory threshold (VT)
point of transition between predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production
talk test
a method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effort and the ability to talk while exercising
SAID principal
a training principal that states that the body will adapt to the specific challenges imposed in it as long as the program progressively overloads the system being trained
specific adaptation to imposed demands
arteries
carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
veins
return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
major components of physical fitness
- muscular strength and muscular endurance
- cardiovascular or cardio respiratory endurance
- flexibility
- body composition
- mind/body vitality
partial pressure
the relative amount and availability of an atmospheric gas at a given altitude
sympathetic stimulation
the process that results in preparing the body for exercise
fight or flight mechanism
motor neurons
nervous system structures that conduct impulses from the CNS to the periphery
amenorrhea
condition associated with low body weight and excessively high levels of chronic exercise that can increase the risk of osteoporosis
sensory neuron
nerve cells that convey electrical impulses from sensory organs in the periphery to the spinal cord and brain (CNS)
synapse
the region of communication between neurons
neuromuscular junction
or motor end plate
the site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber
motor unit
a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers stimulate
hypertrophy
an increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance training
actin
thin contractile protein in a myofibril
myosin
thick contractile protein in a myofibril
myofibril
the portion of the muscle containing myosin and actin contractile filaments
vascularity
an increase in the number and size of blood vessels enhancing blood supply and oxygen delivery to muscle cells
osmolality
measure of the concentration of ionic substances in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, and glucose
alpha cells
endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhams of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone glucagon
elevated the glucose levels in the blood
beta cells
endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhams of the pancreas responsible for synthesizing and secreting the hormone insulin
lowers the glucose levels in the blood
peripheral vasodilation
widening of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels (vasodilation) of the peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the opening of blood vessels caused by the contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels
specificity
exercise training principle explaining that specific exercise demands made in the body produce specific responses by the body
