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Neuroscience I Exam #3 > Physiology of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Physiology of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Where is endolymph found?

What is the K+ concentration like?

Does it bathe the apical or basal end of hair cells?

A

Within the cochlear duct and membranous labyrinth.

High [K+].

Bathes apical end.

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2
Q

Where is perilymph found?

What is the K+ concentration like?

Does it bathe the apical or basal end of the hair cells?

A

Between the membranous and bony labyrinth.

Low [K+].

Bathes basal end.

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3
Q

What fluid is in the scala media?

A

Endolymph

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4
Q

What fluids are in the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?

A

Perilymph

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5
Q

Higher frequencies have maximal motion at which region of the basilar membrane?

Lower frequencies?

A

Higher - at base.

Lower - apical part.

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6
Q

Near the oval window the basilar membrane is narrow and stiff. What sounds are absorbed best here?

A

High frequency sounds

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7
Q

Distal from the oval window the basilar membrane is wide and flexible. What sounds are absorbed best here?

A

Low frequency sounds

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8
Q

What kind of receptors are hair cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

What causes an influx of K+ into the hair cells?

A

A deflection toward the kinocilium

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10
Q

What are the 2 factors that cause influx of K+ into the hair cell?

A

Large endolymphatic potential (high K+ conc in the cell).

Large electrochemical gradient (scala media has high + charge).

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11
Q

What NT is secreted once the hair cells are depolarized?

A

Glutamate

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12
Q

What happens when the stereocilia are deflected away from the kinocilia?

A

The cell is hyperpolarized

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13
Q

What ion causes depolarization of the hair cells?

What does depolarization cause the entry of?

What channel does it use?

A

K+

Ca++

TRPA1

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14
Q

Main function of scala vascularis:

A

Maintain electrochemical properties of endolymph

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15
Q

How many rows of inner hair cells?

What is their function?

A

1 layer.

Primary source of auditory info.

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16
Q

How many rows of outer hair cells?

Main function(s)?

A

3 layers.

Amplifier, otoacoustic emissions,

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17
Q

Where do hair cells receive afferents?

Where do they receive efferents?

A

Afferents from spiral ganglia.

Efferents from superior olivary complex.

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18
Q

What neuron fibers do inner hair cells use?

What neuron fibers do outer hair cells use?

A

Type I

Type II

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19
Q

Dorsal cochlear nuclei function:

A

To integrate acoustic info w/ somatosensory info for localization of sound.

20
Q

Ventral cochlear nuclei function:

A

Begins processing the temporal and spectral features of the sound.

21
Q

What nerve branches to reach the DCN and VCN?

A

Cochlear n.

22
Q

What is the first site in the brainstem that info from both ears converge?

A

Superior olivary complex

23
Q

What is the primary nucleus of the superior olivary nucleus?

A

Medial superior olivary nucleus

24
Q

What is the main function of the medial superior olivary complex?

A

To generate a map of interaural time differences, which helps to localize the sound.

25
Q

What is the primary function of the lateral superior olivary complex?

A

Generate a map of interaural intensity differences, which helps to localize the sound.

26
Q

What does the superior colliculus add to the sound?

A

The final dimension (vertical height) to create a spatial map of the sound’s location.

27
Q

What does the inferior colliculus do?

A

Suppresses info related to echoes, which would interfere with localization.

28
Q

What is the relay station of the thalamus for the auditory pathway?

A

The medial geniculate nucleus

29
Q

Main function of the primary auditory cortex (AI)

A

It is essential in conscious perception of sound and more higher order processing. Basically, beginning to interpret sound.

30
Q

Anterior (rostral) areas of the primary auditory cortex (AI) are activated by?

The posterior (caudal) areas?

A

Apex of cochlea (low frequency)

Base of cochlea (high frequency)

31
Q

Roles of the auditory (secondary, A2) association cortex (3)

A

Responding to more complex sounds.
Naming a sound.
Speech.

32
Q

3 components of efferent input to auditory system

A

Olivocochlear efferents
Middle ear muscle motoneurons
Autonomic innervation of inner ear

33
Q

Olivocochlear efferents begin at:

End at (medial OC neurons and lateral OC neurons):

A

Begin at superior olivary complex.

Medial - outer hair cells. Lateral - inner hair cells.

34
Q

Functions of olivocochlear efferents (4)

A

Shifts responses to higher sound levels.
Decreases adaptation.
Reduced response to noise.
May protect hair cells.

35
Q

Middle ear efferents include:

Main role:

A 
CN V (tensor tympani m.)
CN VII (staoedius m.)

Prevents damage by responding to high sounds.

36
Q

Otoacoustic emissions

What is a positive test?

A

Sounds emitted by ear.
Can be spontaneous or evoked.

Positive test is no evoked emissions.

37
Q

Which cells are more susceptible to injury in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Outer hair cells

38
Q

Cochlear prosthesis

A

Multiple elctrodes are threaded thru cochlea to stimulate surviving nerve fibers.

39
Q

What do semicircular canals detect?

A

Rotational acceleration

40
Q

Utricle detects:

A

Linear acceleration forward and backward.

41
Q

Saccule detects:

A

Linear acceleration up and down.

42
Q

Rotation in horizontal plane is best detected by:

A

Horizontal semicircular canal

43
Q

Rotation in the vertical plane backwards (falling back) maximally activates:

A

Posterior semicircular canal

44
Q

Rotation in the vertical plane forwards (falling forward) maximally activates:

A

Anterior semicircular canal

45
Q

Falling back activates which muscle?

Inhibits which one?

A

Activates SO m. and inhibits IO m.

46
Q

Falling forward activates which muscle?

Inhibits which one?

A

Activates IO m. and inhibits SO m.

47
Q

Which fluid resides in the vestibular appatus?

Which surrounds it?

A

Endolymph is within it.

Perilymph surrounds it.

Neuroscience I Exam #3 (14 decks)

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