Physiology of Reproduction (Breeding and Mating) Flashcards
A structure in the brain that secretes GnRH
Hypothalamus
What hormone regulates the anterior
pituitary gland to secrete FSH (Follicle
Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing
Hormone) into the blood which stimulates the
production production of the ovarian ovarian hormones, hormones, estrogen estrogen
and progesterone, which in turn regulate the
reproductive process.
gonadotropin releasing hormone
Oxytocin is released from?
Posterior pituitary gland
The primary structures of the
female reproductive tract
Ovaries
Each ovary is surrounded by a thin
membrane called
infundibulum
Acts as a
funnel to collect ova and divert
them to the oviduct.
infundibulum
Is about 6-10 inches long and acts
as the site of fertilization.
Oviduct
in this area where
the sperm remain viable and with
fecundating capacity about 24
hours, forming the sperm reservoir
Isthmus
They act as a passageway for sperm to reach the
oviduct and are the site of
fetal development.
Uterine Horn
Small
compared to some other
species, is located at the
junction of the two uterine
horns.
Uterine body
a muscular
junction between the
vagina and uteri. It is the
site of semen deposition
during natural mating and
AI. It is dilated during heat
(estrus) but constricted
during the remainder of
the estrous cycle and
during pregnancy.
Cervix
extends from the cervix to the vulva
and serves as copulatory organ, a passageway forurine and the piglets at birth.
Vagina
The bladder is
connected to the
vagina by the?
urethra
The external portion of the reproductive tract. It is vascularized, often
becomes red and swollen just prior to estrus and this swollen
condition is usually more pronounced in gilts than in sows and
it serves as one more tool to detect if a sow is in heat.
Vulva
Found at the bottom part of the vulva, when stimulated may induce hormones responsible for
initiating muscular contractions in the reproductive tract
Clitoris
Produces sperm in the
semeniferous tubules;
produces testosterone
Testis
Protects testis and regulates
temperature of testis
Scrotum
Sperm maturation; storage; transport
Epididymis
Passageway for urine and semen
Urethra
Aids in erection
Sigmoid flexure
Semen delivery to cervix
Glans penis
produce the largest portion of seminal fluid
(energy sources, buffers and ions).
Seminal vesicle
Flushing out urine and any bacteria in the tract before entry of sperm into the
urethra
Prostate
gelatin plug or
tapioca
Cowpers gland or bulbo urethral gland
It is stimulated by GnRH to produce two hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), collectively referred to as gonadotropins.
Pituitary gland
Increasing estrogen secretion as the oocyte and
follicle mature towards ovulation (release of the
egg)
Follicular phase
Increasing progesterone from development of
corpus luteum. Phase of physiological changes surrounding
the determination of pregnancy.
Luteal phase
Stage of follicular phase where estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) are secreted increasing in preparation for
estrus. Small pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH) also
begin to be released.
Proestrus
Stage of follicular phase where
oocyte has reached maturity. Estrogen, FSH, and LH
secretion peaks, causing the follicle to rupture and
ovulation to occur.
Estrus
estrogen, LH, and FSH have all
declined and the female is no longer sexually receptive to the boar. The ovarian follicles, which
released oocytes during ovulation, begin the process of luteinization to become the corpus
hemmorhagicum, and then the corpus luteum. With the formation of the corpus luteum (CL, or
‘yellow body’) progesterone secretion begins
Metestrus
the longest stage of the estrous cycle because recognition of pregnancy
happens during this phase.
Diestrus
Hormone released by the uterus to regress the corpus luteum
Prostaglandin
Hormone that maintains pregnancy
Progesterone
Physiological changes spermatozoa must undergo in order to have the ability to
penetrate and fertilize an egg.
Capacitation
T or F: Gilts generally remain in heat longer than mature sows.
False
A part of the estrus period when the animal is
accepting the boar but negative to the care taker’s test
Boar Phase I
The same with Boar Phase I except that it is after the insemination phase.
Boar Phase II
Period when the animal will show
positive reaction to the boar and the caretaker
Insemination Phase
The blastocyst enter the uterus, about _ days after fertilization
2 days
One of the most critical periods of pregnancy is from
approximately _______ after mating
day 11-16
Generally, the presence
of at least ____ blastocysts are
required in order for pregnancy
to continue.
5 blastocycsts
fetal period begins at
approximately day ___?
day 36
T or F: Embryos which die before day 35 are usually reabsorbed by the dam
True
Advantages of early pregnancy detection
To cull or re-bred non-pregnant
Feed wasting females
It gives early warning of breeding troubles such as
infantile boars and cystic ovaries, and
It enables the producer to make more effective
use of his breeding facilities and to plan more
adequately for farrowing, nursing and finishing
T or F: Pregnant gilts or sows are moved from gestating
house to the farrowing house.
True
Hormone that causes
contractions of smooth muscles in the milk glands
(milk letdown) and in the uterus (expulsion of piglets)
Oxytocin
Fetal feces
meconium
Failure of the
uterus to properly contract
during parturition
Uterine inertia
condition where shortly after farrowing
blood vessels inside the vulva rupture, due to stretching, pressure or trauma to the tissues
Vulval hematoma
Treatment for bleeding or Hemorrhage
Vitamin K1 (phytonadione)
at 2.5 mg/kg
This minimizes tail biting problems later on during the weaning or fattening
stages.
Tail docking
How many mg of iron should
be given to piglet?
For 3 day old piglets, it should be 50mg/ml
At birth, the piglets have __ mg iron reserves
50mg
The piglet requires _ mg or Fe/day during the 1st week and __ mg at 3 weeks
7mg, 10mg
The toxic dose of iron in piglets
600mg/kg bodyweight
Iron toxicity may be prevented through injecting deficient sows with __ and ___ during pregnancy.
Vitamin E and selenium
helps identify a pig’s litter and which one of the litter it is, giving each pig a unique identity
numberA V-notcher (top) used to notch the ears of small piglets for identification (bottom)
Ear notching
a method of
animal identification that can
be used to measure
performance, track
treatments and withdrawal
records, increase the
accuracy of record keeping,
track stock inventory and
identify individual animals
Ear tagging
one of the easiest and
most reliable forms of
permanent animal
identification. One
disadvantage is that the
identification mark
cannot be read easily
from a distance and may
require a secondary
method of identification,
such as an ear tag
Ear tattooing
Piglets are sometimes born
with weak leg muscles and
are not able to stand and walk properly such that their
hind legs slip sideways. These
hind legs slip sideways. These
piglets sit characteristically
with their hand legs spread apart.
Splay legs
Feed/day (kg) given in stage 5 of pregnancy
None
