Breeds and Breeding Flashcards
The domestic pig originated from the?
Eurasian wild boar (Sus
scrofa)
Large drooping ears and slanting forward, a small head. The neck and body are long and narrow in the withers to the brisket. white, meat-typeof pig (freckles may appear).
Landrace
Purebred landrace are prone to what skin condition?
Sunburn
Varieties of landrace
Scandinavian (Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
France) Belgian, Dutch and German Landrace
A variety of landrace who’s long bodied, quite lean, acceptably prolific, but not muscular, selected for bacon production
Scandinavian
A variety of landrace with white lop ears, less prolific but noted for being muscular and leaner meat, however prone to PSE.
Belgian, Dutch and German Landrace
_______ landrace types are more commonly used as female lines
Scandinavian
_______ types of landrace are used as top crossing lines
Belgian, Dutch, German
White, meat type of pig with medium, erect ears, curved back and body inclining forward. The face is slightly dished. Fast growing, good feed converter, highly prolific, and excellent milkerswith superior mothering ability. Its carcass is also suited for bacon production.
Large white/Yorkshire
Large white/Yorkshire originated from?
England
Meat type , red pig (gold to yellow)
with a set of small , forward ears, 2/3
erect and 1/3 hanging. Black flecks may
appear on the body. It has a good body constitution, strong legs, mothering ability and fast grower. This breed adapts well to
rugged conditions.
Duroc
Duroc originated from?
USA
Pricked ear, black meat type of pig with white-belted body from the shoulder to the front legs. It is smaller in size with strong, short legs and erect ears.
Hampshire
Hampshire originated from?
England
A very meaty type of pig with spotted black and white color. It has well-shaped hams, loin and shoulders. Ears are erect. The carcass has a high lean meat percentage. Only worthwhile in crosses but not as purebreds
Pietrain
Pietrain originated from?
Belgium
A black, dual type of pig with 6 white points (end of nose, bottom of each leg and at the end of tail). It has a wide, dish shaped face, short snout and medium size erect ears. The breed is of medium size with long body which is inclined forward. The carcass quality is excellent.
Berkshire
Berkshire originated from?
England
small to medium-sized breed with
large drooping ears, and wrinkled
black skin, particularly so on the face. slow growing and fat, but have a very
good taste, resistant to some diseases , are able to consume large amounts of roughage
Meishan
Meishan originated from?
China
Perhaps one of the most prolific breeds of pig in the world, a large litter size of 15-16 pigs.
Meishan
These white hogs with droopy, medium-sized ears are known for their mothering ability, durability and soundness. Packers also tout their muscle quality
Chester White
Chester White originated from?
Chester County, Pa., USA
These hogs are typically black, sometimes with six white patches, and are known for their large size. Characteristic of maximum weight at any given age. Excellent feeders feeders and they gain readily readily under conditions conditions of good care and management. Quiet in their dispositions and are rugged in their constitutions. Very substantial bone and for being sound in its feet and legs.
Poland China
Guinness Book of World Records listed “Big Bill”, a ___________ breed, as the world’s largest pig,
2552 lbs.
Poland China
Has black and white spots with no red or brown tints, and drooping ears. Spots have continued to improve in feed efficiency, rate of gain, and carcass quality.Spots are popular for their ability to transmit their fast-gaining, feed efficient, meat qualities to their offspring
Spotted
Spotted is a descendant of what breed?
Poland China
Which breeds originated from England?
Large White/Yorkshire, Hampshire, Berkshire
Which breeds originated from the USA?
Chester White, Duroc Jersey
The result of the amalgamation of two similar breeds, the Essex and Wessex Saddleback.
Saddleback
Striking color marking of a white belt on a
black body, the coloring of the modern day. the belt is a marking of low heritability.
Saddleback
Developed into its present form in
New Zealand, but certainly of Asian origin.
Kunekune
Relatively small and highly distinctive,
characterized physically by a short-legged,
dumpy build, pot tummy, short upturned upturned nose, and a generally fat, rounded
appearance.
Kunekune
A unique feature is the ‘tassels’ which hang from the lower jaw.
Kunekune
Varieties of the Philippine Native Pig
Ilocos, Jalajala (Rizal)
Cross of berkshire and jalajala
Berkjala
Found in Batangas and the result of breeding between the native pig and the Duroc
Jersey
Kaman
A cross between the native pig in Batangas
and the Berkshire pig
Diani
A cross between the native pig
and the Berkshire or Poland China breeds
Black Ilocos Strain
Jin-Soo Kim used a gene-editing technology called a TALEN, which consists of a DNA-cutting enzyme attached to a DNA-binding binding protein protein. Theprotein guides the cutting
enzyme to a specific gene
inside cells, in this case in “Myostatin”, rendering the gene dysfunctional
Double-muscled Pig
The “Enviropig” has been genetically modified in such a manner that its urine and feces
contain almost 65 percent less phosphorus than usual.
Yorkshire-Canada
Pigs of either sex, usually weigh more than 50kg
Hogs
Female parent
Dam
Male parent
Sire
The number of offspring produced at one birth
by an animal
Litter size
The number of litters they have farrowed
Parity
The period from one farrowing to the
next
Farrowing interval
The average number of times
sows farrow in a year
Farrowing or Litter Index
These performance traits are ranked “medium” in the level of heritability
Post-weaning rate at growth, Feed efficiency
These performance traits are ranked “high” in the level of heritability
Length of body, Length of legs, Loin eye areas, Ham weight, Shoulder wt, Fat cuts, Lean cut
These performance traits are ranked “low” in the level of heritability
Number of
vertebrae, Litter size at weaning, Litter size at birth, Litter wt at weaning
Breeding of 2 or more different
breeds of animals
Cross breeding
Goals of cross-breeding
a) to obtain hybrid vigor or heterosis which is the
superiority exhibited by the crossbred
individuals over the average of the parental
breeds; and
b) to bring together the desirable characteristics
of the parental breeds.
Breeding of closely-related animals. This is
done to purify the blood line of the animals animals since the similarity of the animals within the group is increased. Continuous inbreeding
(without proper selection) is not
recommendable due to its negative effect on
the production performance of the animal.
Inbreeding
Mating between animals, which
are closely related to each other that the averagerelationship between all individuals in the population.
Purebreeding
Mating between full siblings
or between parents and progeny.
Close inbreeding
The F1 females are back crossed
to one of the parental populations. For example, A x B females are mated with A or B to produce an offspring AB x A or AB x B. This method takes full advantage of heterosis in the F1 females and half of the potential heterosis in the offspring.
Back crossing
Mild form of inbreeding. Mating
of cousins, grandparent to grand offspring or half brother to half sister.
Linebreeding
-mating of animals of different
families within the same breed that are not closely related. (for at least the first 4-6 generation)
Out crossing
different populations can be crossed with each other to produce an F1 generation which is mainly used for production purposes purposes and not for breeding.
Single two-way crosses-2
This system relies on the crossing of
2 breeds A and B to produce a female excelling
in maternal performance in a particular
environment and the use of a 3rd environment and the use of a 3 breed to rd breed to produced the ideal animal for the market products
3 way cross
Populations A and B are first crossed
with each other, and so are C and D to obtain the F1 generation A x B and C x D. These are then crossed together to produce the double hybrid AB x CD.
4 way cross
The F1 females are back crossed to one of the parental populations. For example, A x B
females are mated with A or B to produce an
offspring AB x A or AB x B. This method takes full
advantage of heterosis in the F1 females and half of the potential heterosis in the offspring.
Back cross
long life or more
than
> 18 PWPY, long life or more
than
good ADG
650g
good FCR
3.0
good carcass quality of the offspring
> 6 litters
The period between weaning and the next service. After weaning, a sow is expected to come into heat within 3 to 10 days.
Dry period
Sow pregnancy period
114 day (109-120 days) 3 mo 3 w and 3 days
Lactation period
28 to 42 days, Common
practice is 30 days.
Heat
3 weeks / 21 days, can range from 16-25
Estrous/Heat cycle
18-21 days
A period of sexual receptivity and ovulation during which the female will accept the male and is capable of conceiving (6-8 months)
Estrus
Occurs at about 6 months of age and about 100-120 kg in gilts
Pubertal Estrus
Signs of heat/Estrus
Reddish pink, slightly
swollen vulva
Slight mucous discharges
Pricked ears or ears pop up
Glazed eyes
Tail upright and flicking up
and down
Other gilts attempt to ride
her and becomes immobile
Actively seeks and stands
still in the presence of the
boar or
Nervous (biting at bars, standing when other sows
are lying down)
Roaring
Off feed or reduced feed intake
Positive standing response to riding on the back and
haunch pressure tests
Standing reflex
Used in part to spread pheromones
near gilts and sows
Teaser boars
Apply pressure to the back and flanks of the female pig; do this at the same time as renewed boar presence. Receptive females will stand rigid and ears often prick up. The ultimate sign that confirms a gilt or sow is in estrus is immobilization or “standing” in response to back-pressure from a boar, another gilt or sow, or from a person
Haunch pressure test and Back-pressure
An artificial insemination technician carries with him a squirt bottle filled with semen from an old ejaculate or seminal fluid from a new ejaculate. This is squeezed on the snout of the gilt or sow in heat
Semen on Snout Test
Insemination or service must take place between _________?
0-24 hrs before ovulation
If a sow fails to conceive after service, she is
expected to repeat or to come into heat _______
after the unsuccessful service.
3 weeks
