Lactation, Weaning, Culling and Housing Flashcards
Each milk letdown period lasts for?
20 or 30 seconds and occurs at
hourly intervals.
Nursing periods are slightly more frequent
during
day
Hormone from the placent, prepares the body for
lactation by increasing the number of milk ducst in the
breast to transport milk from the alveoli to the nipples.
Oestrogen
Hormone from the ovary, acts
synegistically with oestrogen and progesterone to
develop mammary apparatus and the same time
suppress oestrogen.
Relaxin
Hormone from pituitary, the hormone that
controls the amount of milk produced. It is the major
hormone involved in regulating lactogenesis.
Prolactin
The milk ejection hormone, play an important
role in the sow-pig interaction during lactation.
oxytocin
Involves cellular development of
the milk synthesis apparatus, expression of genes
associated associated with synthesis synthesis of milk components components
(milk proteins, fat and lactose), and secretion of a
limited amount of the milk components. Occurs few days prior to farrowing and coincides to some extent with the formation of colostrum
Initial Stage of lactogenesis
copious milk
secretion and involves a large-scale expression
of all genes and cellular processes associated
with milk synthesis synthesis and rapid secretion secretion of large
quantities of all milk components. It is initiated
shortly after farrowing.
Second Stage of lactogenesis
The time interval from weaning to service wherein the sow
is unproductive.
dry period
A good sow should come back into heat and
be ready to service within _______ days after weaning
3-7 days to 10 days
The period when the animals are
unproductive or have exceeded target time
allotment.
Lost days
T or F: Keep lactation lactation period not longer than 6 weeks.
Sows kept on lactation longer that 6 weeks tend
> dry periods.
True
T or F: Exposure of
the sow to the boar influences early
occurrence of heat.
True
Old sows of _______ and above tend tohave longer dry periods.
parity eight
T or F: Heat stress has a negative effect on the onset
of estrus.
True
How often should you check heat occurence in dry sows
twice a day
Checking of heat can be done easily during?
feeding
When farrowing stall are cleaned, disinfected, repaired and not used for several days (7 days)
rest period
Piglets are weaned at what age?
4-6 weeks of age
Earliest weaning
21-24 days
All piglets/ litter are weaned at
the same time
Total weaning
In this system the bigger
piglets are weaned ahead of the lighter and
smaller pigs in the litter.
Partial weaning
The removal of unwanted pigs is
called
Culling
T or F: As culling is
being intensified , the faster is
the improvement of the herd
True
Oviduct/ fallopian tube
distended with fluid
Hydrosalpinx
Oviduct distended with pus-like
materials
Pyosalpinx
diseases commonly associated with abortion
and usually transmitted by an infected boar
Leptospirosis and Brucellosis
No anal Opening
Atresia-ani
Incomplete development of the skull
Catlin mark
occurs when an internal organ or other body part
protrudes through the wall of muscle or tissue that
normally contains it.
Brain hernia
happens if the tissue that makes up the
roof of the mouth does not join together completely
during pregnancy
Cleft palate
One or both testicles retained in the abdominal cavity
Cryptorchidism
Ruptured intestines extending into the scrotal hernia
scrotal hernia
Intestine protrude
Umbilical hernia
described as the period
starting on the day of weaning until the day
they are transferred to the fattening unit.
rearing period
failure of sow to produce milk. Failure maybe on
the maternal side (production or letdown) or on the other side
of piglet (failure to suck
Agalactia
lowered milk production maybe caused by disease
organisms, hormonal imbalances, poor nutrition, mold toxins,
temperature stresses and improper management
Hypogalactia
the best measure of
leanness and has a high
heritability.
backfat
Characteristics associated with soundness
include: the spacing, number and
presentation of teats; genetic abnormalities
and mating ability ability traits that have a very
high economic importance.
Reproductive soundness
In this system of
mating, the boar is permitted
to run with sows.
Pen Mating or Pasture mating
One boar is penned with one
sow, and the animal caretaker
monitors the event, being sure
to comingle the boar and sow
and carefully recording each
mating event
hand mating
This is grayish and milky. This
fraction is collected as it contains viable sperm
cells ideal for insemination.
Sperm rich fraction
1/3 of this fraction can be collected to add volume to the collected semen
Clear fluid fraction
In this system, the sows are removed when
the piglets reach weaning age. The pigs remain
in the same building from farrowing until they
reach the desired weight for slaughtering
one unit system
The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing
house until the piglets are weaned. The
weanlings are transferred to a growing- finishing house
two-unit system
The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing
house until weaning. The weanlings are moved
to a nursery house and finally to a growing- finishing unit where they stay until they are
ready for slaughter.
Three unit system
The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing
house until weaning. After weaning, piglets
are moved to a nursery house, then to a
growing house and finally to a finishing house
until they are ready for slaughter
four-unit system
The roof has two slopes, but
one overlaps other at the
ridge of the roof with a
ventilation gap of one feet.
In this roof ventilation can
be provided in between two
slopes. This is also suitable
for tropical buildings and it
serves the purposes of
ventilating and lighting the
building.
Monitor type
Similar to the monitor type except that the
outlet of air is made on one side only
Semi monitor type
These are
coupled roof with two slopes. Roof
ventilation can be provided in this pattern
Double span / Gable roof
These are simple roof
with single slope adopted for
shed type of buildings. Roof
ventilation cannot be
provided in this pattern. In
this type of roof one wall is
higher than another one to
give necessary slope for roof
Shed
do not collect the fraction as it contains few sperms
First gel with clear fluid
Semen per dose must be at minimum of ______
and a maximum of ________.
3-4.5 billion
Assess semen
viability or the physical appearance of sperm
cells. It determine the number of normal and
abnormalilities of spermatozoa
Semen morphology evaluation
can also allow the boar to mount a sow that is in estrus and is standing parallel to the dummy sow. The producer can begin collecting semen
and after approximately two minutes, have an
assistant gently push the boar over onto the dummy sow while the collection continues
Natural dummy method
Letting the boar mount, but not
breed, a sow that is in estrus and in
same area as the dummy sow
Direct Dummy Method
Of the three systems, this has the greatest long-run market potential potential and flexibility flexibility. This system also demands demands the most capital and labor, and requires a long-term commitment to the swine business.
Farrow to Finish
Involves breeding and farrowing sows and then selling the piglets to finishing
operations when they weigh 30 to 60 pounds.
Farrow to Feeder
In many cases, existing facilities are adequate
for this system. This system allows for minimum
overhead, low labor requirements, and no long-term
commitment. The feeder-to-finish operation offers an
opportunity for a grain farmer to use homegrown feeds
to finish pigs without having to manage breeding stock.
The operation also may capitalize on the fertilizer value
of the manure. Important points of concern are the
source, health, and quality of purchased feeder pigs.
Ideally, all feeder pigs should originate from a single
farm to reduce potential herd health problems
Feeder to Finish
Advantages of Pen Mating or Pasture mating
less labor, heat detection is
boars responsibility
Disadvantage of pen mating
more sow and boar
injuries, less predictable breeding dates, increased risk of boar overuse, and
generally lower conception rates .
Advantages of hand mating
More efficient use of boar power, prevents
over-use of boar
* * More accurate farrowing dates.
* * Repeat breeders can be detected more easily.
* Breeding defects such as limber penis, weak hind legs are detected.
* * Sterile boars are quickly detected.
* * Provision can be made for breeding large boars to gilts or small boars to large sows
Disadvantages of hand mating
increases labor and facility
requirements
Advantages of Artificial Insemination
Extend the use of a good proven boar (More females
can be served)
* Cost of boar service is greatly reduced
* Effective means of
controlling some
reproductive diseases
Matings can be made
between animals at great distances
* Elimination of injuries as a result of mating small gilts or sows to large boars
Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination
requires trained level of management
* increases time and supervision of the female
herd for estrus detection
* semen handling and special breeding facilities
* more costly
* boar training
