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Reproduction > Physiology of pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiology of pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main stages of development from fertilisation to implantation?

A 
Fertilisation
cleavage 
Morula
Blastocyst
implantation
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2
Q

What cells are responsible for implantation?

A

Trophoblastic cells

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3
Q

What are trophoblastic cells?

A

Surface layer cells of the blastocyst which penetrate the endometrium for implantation.

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4
Q

What is the role of the fimbrae?

A

Sweep ovum into the oviduct

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5
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla

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6
Q

When does the blastocyst enter the uterus?

A

Days 3-5

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7
Q

When does the blastocyst attach to the uterus?

A

Days 5-8

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8
Q

By what day is implantation usually complete?

A

Day 12

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9
Q

What tissue is placenta derived from?

A

Trophoblast and Decidual

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10
Q

What are synctiotrophoblasts?

A

Multinucleated cells which have differentiated from trophoblast cells.

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11
Q

What is the role of synctiotrophoblasts.

A

They break down capillaries to form cavities filled with maternal blood - these projections later form the placental villi

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12
Q

The foetal and maternal blood mixes. True/False

A

False.
Each villus contains maternal and foetal blood which is separated by a thin tissue - therefore there is no direct contact between the two.

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13
Q

When does the placenta (and foetal heart) become functional?

A

Week 5

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14
Q

What is the role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?

A

Signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone

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15
Q

What hormone stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, lipids and proteins?

A

Progesterone

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16
Q

How is placental surface area increased?

A

Through villi projections into the uterine wall/

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17
Q

What is the intervillous space?

A

The area where maternal blood is kept.

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18
Q

What three factors aid foetal oxygen supply?

A

Foetal Hb has increased ability to carry O2
Higher Hb concentration (50% more in foetus)
Bohr effect - can carry more O2 in a low pCO2

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19
Q

How are nutrients and waste products transported across the placenta?

A 
Passive transport
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Simplified transport
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20
Q

Water exchange increases during pregnancy. True/false?

A

True.

Increases up until the 35th week

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21
Q

How does glucose pass the placenta?

A

Simplified transport

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22
Q

How does fatty acid cross placenta?

A

Free diffusion

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23
Q

In what trimester is there a higher demand for glucose?

A

Third

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24
Q

What is the term given to drugs which can cross the placental barrier and cause foetal malformation?

A

Teratogens

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25
Q

What hormone is responsible for growth, and is produced from week 5 onwards?

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

HCS

26
Q

What hormone acts to aid development of male testes?

A

HCG

27
Q

What hormone is involved in breast development?

A

HCS

28
Q

What effect can human chorionic somatomammotropin have on the mother?

A

Decreases insulin sensitivity to allow for more glucose transport to foetus

29
Q

What hormone is an indicator of foetal vitality?

A

Estriol

30
Q

List three things progesterone increase causes?

A

Development of decidual cells
Decreased uterine contractility
Preparation for lactation

31
Q

List three things increased oestrogen levels cause?

A

Enlargement of uterus
Breast development
Relaxation of ligaments

32
Q

What hormone, released by the placenta can lead to gestational diabetes, an how?

A

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

CRH –> ACTH –> Aldosterone and Cortisol
These hormones lead to hypertension and insulin resistance

33
Q

What hormones released by the placenta can lead to hyperthyroidism in the mother?

A

HCG

HC thyrotropin

34
Q

How does increased calcium demand in the placenta affect the mother?

A

Can lead to hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

What happens to cardiac output during pregnancy?

A

It increases

between 30-50% increase

36
Q

What happens to the BP during pregnancy?

A

Drops during second trimester

37
Q

When does cardiac output decrease?

A

Last 8 weeks

uterus is compressing vena cava

38
Q

What happens to cardiac output during labour?

A

Increases 30%

39
Q

What happens to the heart rate during pregnancy

A

Increases

Reaches about 90bpm at rest

40
Q

What three cardiac abnormalities are considered normal changes during pregnancy

A

ECG changes
Murmurs
Additional heart sounds

41
Q

In twins BP increases, true or false?

A

False.

BP drops even more in a multiple pregnancy

42
Q

What three haematological changes occur during pregnancy?

A

Plasma Volume increases
Hb is decreased by dilution
RBC’s increase 25%

43
Q

What supplementation is required during pregnancy?

A

Iron

44
Q

What two things cause lung function changes?

A

Uterus enlargement

Progesterone increasing

45
Q

How does progesterone cause respiratory changes?

A

Signals brain to lower CO2 levels and increases CO2 sensitivity in resp centres

46
Q

What four changes occur in the urinary system during pregnancy?

A

Increased GFR
Increase Renal plasma flow
Increased reabsorption of ions and H2O
Increase in urine formation

47
Q

How many extra calories should a pregnant woman consume?

A

250-300

48
Q

When is the mothers anabolic phase?

A

Weeks 1 - 20`

49
Q

When does metabolic demands of the foetus increase? (catabolic phase)

A

Weeks 21 - 40

Accelerated starvation of mother can occur

50
Q

In what phase does insulin resistance in the mother occur

A

Catabolic

51
Q

List four supplements required during pregnancy:

A

Iron
Folic acid
Vit D
Vit B

52
Q

What hormone, released from posterior pituitary gland, increases contractions and excitability during labour?

A

Oxytocin

53
Q

What positive feedback mechanism increases contractility?

A

Foetal head stretching the cervix

also leads to oxytocin release

54
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate?

A

Uterine contractions

Prostaglandin release

55
Q

What hormone causes growth of the ductile system?

A

Oestrogen

56
Q

What hormone causes the development of lobule-alveolar system?

A

Progesterone

57
Q

What hormone simulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

58
Q

What hormones inhibit milk production?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

59
Q

At what stage of pregnancy do the nipples darken and enlarge?

A

12 weeks

60
Q

At what point during pregnancy does lower back pain become a problem?

A

The third trimester

61
Q

At what stage during pregnancy are foetal movements felt by the mother?

A

Primigravida - 20 weeks

Not their first pregnancy - 16-18 weeks

Reproduction (19 decks)

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