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Abnormal Birth Size Flashcards

1
Q

What is defined as preterm?

A

Anything before 37 weeks

Extreme preterm is 24-27 weeks

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2
Q

What % of UK population deliver preterm>

A

6-7%

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3
Q

Give 5 risk factors for preterm labour

A 
Age (teenagers)
Low BMI
Smoking 
Multiple pregnancies 
Parity (0 or >5)
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4
Q

Give five causes of preterm labour?

A 
Infection/illness
Idiopathic
Multiple pregnancies
Cervical incompetence
Placental abruption
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5
Q

What % of babies born at 24 weeks survive?

A

19%

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6
Q

Define Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

A

Failure of the foetus to achieve growth potential

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7
Q

What qualifies as a low birth weight?

A

2.5 kg birth weight, regardless of gestation

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8
Q

Define small for gestational age (SGA)

A

When the estimated foetal weight/abdominal circumference is below the 10th centile

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9
Q

What is symmetrical IUGR?

A

When both the head and abdomen are small

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10
Q

What is asymmetrical IUGR?

A

When the head is normal size but the abdomen is small

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11
Q

How do we identify SGA?

A

Through assessing risk factors and screening (e.g. symphysial-fundal height)

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12
Q

What maternal factors can cause SGA? (Give 5)

A 
Smoking
Drugs
BMI
Age
Maternal disease
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13
Q

Give two placental causes of SGA

A

Infarct

Abruption

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14
Q

Give three examples of foetal causes of SGA

A 
Infection (e.g. rubella)
Congenital abnormalities (absent kidneys) Chromosomal abnormalities (Downs)
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15
Q

What risk does IUGR carry durng labour?

A

Hypoxia leading to death

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16
Q

What risks are there to IUGR post natal.? (give 6)

A 
Hypoglycaemia
Hypothermia
polycythaemia
Hyperbilirubinemia
Abnormal neurodevelopment
Asphyxia s/e's
17
Q

What 2 investigations can be done to assess foetal well being?

A

Cardiotocography

Doppler ultrasound

18
Q

What features are assed in a biophysical profile?

A

Movement
tone
Foetal breathing movements
Liquor volume

19
Q

What assesses placental resistance to flow?

A

Umbilical arterial doppler

20
Q

Why do we give steroids when planning preterm labour?

A

To stimulate surfactant production in foetal lungs.

21
Q

What size is considered large for dates?

A

When the sympyseal-fundal height is >2cm for gestational age

22
Q

What is Foetal Macrosomia?

A

When a baby is large for its gestational age

USS EFW >90th centile

23
Q

What risks are there with macrosomia baby?

A

Shoulder dystocia
Labour Dystocia
Maternal anxiety
Post-partum haemorrhage

24
Q

Define polyhydramnios:

A

Excess amniotic fluid where the deepest pool is >8cm and the AFI is >25cm

25
Q

Give 5 potential causes of polyhydramnios

A 
Idiopathic
Gestational Diabetes
Monochorionic twin pregnancy
Viral infection
Anomalies in foetus (eg atresia)
26
Q

Give 4 symptoms of polyhydramnios

A

Abdominal discomfort
Prelabour membrane rupture
Preterm labour
Cord prolapse

27
Q

Give 4 clinical signs of polyhydramnios

A

LFD
Malpresentation
Tense shiny abdomen
Inability to feel foetal parts

28
Q

What investigation will confirm polyhydramnios?

A

Ultrasound showing AFI >25cm and DVP >8cm

29
Q

What other investigations can be done when checking for polyhydramnios?

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Serology
Antibody screen
USS (foetal lips and stomach etc)

30
Q

Give 5 risk factors for multiple pregnancy?

A 
Ethnicity - African highest
FHx
Increased Maternal Age
Increased Parity
Assisted conception
31
Q

Define monochorionic

A

This is when 2 foetus’s are sharing one placenta,

32
Q

Define dichorionic

A

When 2 foetus’s have their own placenta

33
Q

Define diamniotic

A

When each foetus is in its own amniotic sac

34
Q

Define monoamniotic

A

When both foetus’s are within the one amniotic sac

35
Q

What type of twins are at an increased risk of pregnancy complications?

A

Monochorionic / Monozygous

36
Q

At what stage do you confirm multiple pregnancy?

A

USS at 12 weeks

Reproduction (19 decks)

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