Physiology of physical activity, health and wellbeing Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
condition of balance in the bodys internal enviro due to constant interaction of the bodys many regulatory processes
What is homeostasis imbalance?
disturbance of homeostasis which is why many diseases are caused
What was the hypotheses for the Harvard Alumni health study?
low level of physical activity can lead to homeostasis imbalance increasing the risk of diseases and premature death
What was the aim of the Harvard alumni health study?
have scientific evidence between the link of physical activity and mortality
What was the harvard alumni health study?
16,936 men 35-74 yrs follow up 12-16yrs
What did the results of the harvard alumni health study show?
inverse dose response relationship
those who expend more than 2000 cal a week lower death rate by 25-33%
What were the limitations of the harvard alumni health study? (physical activity and mortality)
used self report methods- questionnaires
rely on ppts
What is physical activity?
bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle increases in energy expenditure
What is physical fitness?
set of attributes that people have to achieve that relate to the ability to perform muscular work satisfactorily
What is health related fitness?
components of fitness that benefits from physically active lifestyle and relate to health
How is physical fitness measured?
objectively
What is cardiorespiratory endurance?
ability of the circulatory an respiratory system to supply o2 during sustained physical activity
What is body composition?
relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone etc
What is muscular strength?
ability of muscle to exert force
What is muscular endurance?
ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue
What is flexibility?
range of motion available at a joint
What study was used to look at the relationship between physical fitness and mortality?
aerobics centre longitudinal study
Describe the aerobics centre longitudinal study?
10,224 men
3,120 women
max treadmill exercise looking at cardiorespiratory exercise
8yr follow up
243 men deaths x3RR
43 woman deaths X4RR
this was used to calculate relative risk of death
What is CVD?
pathologies of the heart, blood, vessels and the vascular system of the brain, 1/3 deaths
What is coronary heart disease known as?
atherosclerosis
What is atherosclerosis?
progressive narrowing of arteries due to build up of plaque/ atheroma
What are the risks of CHD?
myocardial infarction- heart attack due to ischemia (not enough o2 delivered
chronic heart disease- heart cant contract powerfully due to plaque, decrease in CO, left ventricle cant pus out enough blood
What symptoms does chronic heart disease provoke?
dizziness
tired
cant got through diastolic phase properly
Describe the 2 types of stroke?
hemorrhagic- rupture of vessel, leakage of blood
ischemic- plaque build up or blood clot, stop flow of blood in brain
What happens when someone has a stroke?
brain starved of o2 and becomes ischemic which means cells become damaged
110,000 ppl have a stroke a year in England
What are the symptoms of a a stroke?
FAST face fallen arms- cant lift both up speech slurred time- 999
What are the benefits of PA, (risk)?
reduced risk of mortality cvd obesity type 2 cancer anxiety risk of falls
What are the benefits of PA, (function)?
improves function of sleep endocrine metabolic sleep self esteem quality of life
What is epidemiology?
study of disease occurrence in a human population
Describe the 2 studies created by morris that show epidemiological evidence?
bus drivers twice likely to suffer MI than conductors
civil servants leisure activities 8 yr period
those engaging in activity equivalent to brisk walking 50% lower risk of CHD
studies reconfirmed over decades
Explain how lipoproteins are a risk factor for CVD?
high density lipoprotein cholesterol- plaque degradation- good for you
exercise increases protective high density lipoprotein cholesterol
Explain how hypertension is a risk factor to CVD?
blood pressure normal- 120/180mmHg hypertension- 140/190 pressure on wall accounts or 50% of ischemic strokes
industrialised countries become hypertensive and with increase in age
What study did Nelson do relating to blood pressure?
endurance exercise reduces blood pressure
13 untreated hypertensive patients
45min cycle or walk for 4 weeks
bp decreased overtime
How does BMI related to CVD?
those with CVD usually have a high BMI/ obese
How is BMI measured?
weight/ height
kg/m2
normal between 22-25
those who are over weight or underweight have increased risk of mortality
What study was used to compare lifestyle factors and CVD?
nurses health study
Describe the nurses health study?
84,129 women 14 yr follow up reported low risk factors healthy diet non smoking regular exercise BMI- less than 25 moderate alch consumption- 5g a day if all had healthy lifestyles 82% of coronary events could have been prevented
When were the recent UK physical activity guidelines published?
2019, specific guidelines for different age groups
What are the UK physical activity guidelines for adults 19-64 years?
aim physically active everyday
even a little is good, more is better
maintain strength major muscle groups- through heavy gardening, carry heavy shopping
minimise time spent in sedentary
break up long periods of inactivity with PA even if its light
How often should muscle strengthening exercises be done for adults?
twice a week
What are the guidelines for adults for physical activity?
150 mod intensity per week 30min x 5 a week or 75 mins vigorous shorter durations very vigorous or combination 60% dog owners walk dogs for 160mins per week
