Introduction Flashcards
What is physical activity?
any bodily movement produced that requires skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure
What are the different types of physical activtiy?
everyday activity- walking, housework, travelling
active recreation- choosing to go for a walk, dance
sport- competitive
Is sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity the same thing?
no
What is sedentary behaviour?
sitting, reclining or lying posture
awake
energy expenditure 1.0-1.5 MET
any activity you do that is below 1.5 MET in sat down or reclined posture is still 1.5 MET
What is physical inactivity?
engaging in insufficient amounts off physical activity to meet the public health guidelines
150min of moderate activity
75min of vigorous activity
What are the dimensions of physical activity? how do we break it down?
frequency
intensity
time
type
What are the domains of physical activity/ types?
occupational
recreational
transpirational
domestic
How would we measure physical activity?
use FITT principle
How do we decide what to measure?
consider what do you want to measure- physical activity, sedentary over what time period how accurate does it need to be cost time burden
What may we evaluate?
judging the value of activity
assessing effectiveness
examining if an activity has achieved its objectives
finding out processes by which success or failure of a programme has happened
What is the most accurate way of measuring the amount of time spent in moderate intensity physical activity across the day?
accelerometer
not HR as it can be affected by caffeine or stress
What are objective and subjective measures?
objective- (device measured),
subjective- (self report), measure what people say about their activity, context of where activity is done
What are some of the examples of objective measures?
activpal accelerometer- steps
pedometre
gas analysis- o2 intake with every breath, how many calories burnt
What is an example of subjective measure?
questionnaire
IPAQ
Describe what are accelerometers?
wear devices around waist
progressed to wrist
sense motion
contain crystals which pick up electrical activity
shows intensity and for how long they were doing an activity
measure every 5 sec
What are some of the examples of accelerometers?
activpal- worn on thigh, tells us if they are sat down or stood up, colour codes different postures
What are some of the limitations of accelerometers?
cant measure activity from stationary position- cycling, lifting weights
dont measure excess energy expenditure- walking up a hill carrying heavy bags
some models are not waterproof
What is an example of subjective methods?
self report
questionnaires- IPAQ (international physical activity questionnaire)
diaries
What are the benefits of using questionnaires?
cheap
easy to use and administer
What can the IPAQ measure?
sedentary sitting time leisure time physical activities done gardening and domestic work related activities transport related
physical activity is calculated by adding up total frequency and duration of activity per week
an calculate MET min per week
tells us total energy expenditure for the week
What are METS?
metabolic equivalents
measure how hard the body is working
What is a MET at rest?
1MET- 3.5ML/KG/MIN
What are the standard (constants) METS for walking, moderate and vigorous activity?
walking- 3.3METS
moderate-4 METS
vigorous-8 METS
constant x min x days
What are the limitations of self report methods?
people may struggle to recall dont give honest answers because of social desirability- feel like they need to be active as it is the norm overestimation of physical activity low in accuracy rely on patient recall memory bias, not completed in real time
What can we use to measure physical activity or sedentary behaviour?
questionnaires
accelerometers
pedometers
What can we use to measure health?
body composition
height
weight
What can you use to measure cognitive function?
cognitive tests
reaction time
memory
What do we need to consider when choosing a measure?
validity reliability time cost resources
What would we use if we wanted to see if physical activity is related to health?
observational methodology
What are the 2 types of observational methodology?
cross sectional studies- collect data from people at one specific time point
cohort studies- (disease, wellbeing, mortality) within a population monitored over years
How do we measure effectiveness of interventions?
pre and post test
randomised controlled trial- control group (dont take part in intervention)
consider subjective or objective measures used
Why do we need a control group?
see if there are any other changes that has impacted on physical activity or whether it was just the intervention
What is a double water method?
assesses total energy expenditure
What are the drawbacks of the double water method?
expensive
time consuming
only quantitative
What are the drawbacks of using diaries?
not suitable for those with cognitive dysfunction
How is direct observation used to measure physical activity?
observer monitors and records physical activity
used in small space, classroom
good for children as they can’t record their physical activity
What are the drawbacks of using direct observation?
time
potential reactivity
difficulty obtaining ethical approval
What are pedometers?
measure number of steps taken
What are the benefits of using pedometers?
cheap
simple
can pick up short durations of activity
What are the drawbacks of using pedometers?
cant record physical activity of upper limbs
cant record intensity
What are some of the examples of pedometers?
yamax digi walker
stepwatch
What are HR monitors?
real time data of HR
energy expenditure
intensity, duration of physical activity
What are the benefits of using HR monitors?
worn on wrist or chest- not obstructive
What are the drawbacks of HR monitors?
energy expenditure and HR dont have a linear relationship
caffeine, stress cant affect HR
age, mass, gender can affect resting HR
low accuracy
What are the 2 types of HR monitors?
polar s410
actiheart
What are arm band devices?
motion and HR sensors
measure energy expenditure
What are the benefits of using arm band devices?
useful for daily life activities
What are the drawbacks of arm band devices?
not ideal for high intensity
What is an example of an armband device?
sensewear
What are the factors of a study population that may impact what measure you use to measure physical activity?
age gender bodyweight medical co morbidities (more on sheet)
