Biomechanics of injury and links to sedentary behaviour

Question 1

What is wrong with the WHO definition of health?

Answer 1

it interprets that if you are injured you are unhealthy

Question 2

What is the impact of the WHO definition on healthcare?

Answer 2

the who definition is still used in health therefore success of healthcare in terms of health is dependent on the amount of injuries you have

many come from sport but sport brings more benefits

Question 3

What impact does injury have on sport?

Answer 3

high cost to healthcare
prevents active life
sociological impact in elite sport- injury changes group dynamics, fans may not like
performance and financial cost for elite sport

Question 4

What are the 3 diseases which can be prevented through exercise?

Answer 4

obesity
heart disease
diabetes
saves money and lives- NHS

Question 5

What is the debate on exercise and impact on health?

Answer 5

exercise brings health benefits

increase exercise means increase in risk of injury

Question 6

What can increase the rate of injury through exercsie?

Answer 6

poor training plan
footwear 
surfaces 
previous injury 
body structure 
age

Question 7

How has the human body evolved through evolution?

Answer 7

led to body structure ideal for function
speed
ROM
dexterity- hands

however we have energy wastage

Question 8

What lever is the body primarily made up of?

Answer 8

3rd class levers

Question 9

What does the 3rd class lever consist of?

Answer 9

fulcrum- pivot point, joint, end of lever
lever- arm
load- other end of lever, dumbbell
resistance- muscle force that lies in between

Question 10

How does a lever move?

Answer 10

through muscle force

controls movement of levers

Question 11

What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?

Answer 11

concentric- shortening
eccentric- lengthening
isometric- holding, no movement

Question 12

What is co contraction of a muscle and what is the function of it?

Answer 12

both muscles contract
protects from excessive joint movement- good for younger

stiffening- older

Question 13

How does injury interact with ageing?

Answer 13

falls in old people- pain, inactivity, biological change

ageing- biological change, put more at risk of injury

Question 14

What re the 2 types of injury?

Answer 14

chronic

acute

Question 15

What are the non biological factors that can increase risk of injury?

Answer 15

other people
footwear
surfaces
training errors- not enough recovery

Question 16

What are some of the biological factors that can increase the risk of injury?

Answer 16

genetics
metabolism
skeletal alignment
flexibility 
location of tendons or ligaments
stress and strain tolerance 
ageing 
gender- females, wider hips, increase in knee injuries, knees come in

Question 17

What is a tendon?

Answer 17

tough band of fibrous connective tissue

connects muscle to bone

Question 18

What is a function of a tendon?

Answer 18

apply muscle force to bone
transmit forces
withstand tension during muscle contraction- lengthening of tendon when muscle is contracting and getting shorter

Question 19

Describe the 3 components that make up a tendon?

Answer 19

elastin protein- flexibility 
collagen protein- parallel closely packed, can change shape 
helps transmit force 
can become injured through overuse
fibroblast- healing, inflammation

Question 20

What parts of the body have short or long tendons?

Answer 20

short thick- quad

soft delicate movements- fingers, long

Question 21

What tendons are likely to get injured?

Answer 21

Achilles
patella
short thick- more force, less ability for elastic recovery when stretched

Question 22

What is the relationship between load and eccentric force?

Answer 22

more force during eccentric contractions- speed n contraction slower
eccentric muscle contraction is likely to cause injury as you are stretching the muscle

Question 23

What happens when a muscle is damaged?

Answer 23

swelling to remove debris
pain- consequence of damage or to prevent from further damage

is we could turn off pain response- we could keep working

Question 24

What is the relationship between the type of muscle contraction and cross bridges?

Answer 24

concentric- increase in cross bridge
therefore increase in tension

eccentric- decrease cross bridges and tension

Question 25

Where does an achilles tendon rupture occur?

Answer 25

insertion of achilles tendon to hell bone- some heel bone pulled off

4-6cm above heel

Question 26

How do we examine and treat achilles tendon rupture?

Answer 26

during palpation- feel gap
Thompson test- flex knee, squeeze calf, no movement- tendon rupture
ice rest elevate
cast- foot plantar flexed to bring tenon ends together

surgical- 2 ends sutured together, leg in cast, physio 4-6 months

Question 27

How do genetics play a role in the likelihood of tendon injury?

Answer 27

sequence variants in different genes- associated with achilles tendon rupture
identifying the genotypes can help with prevention

Question 28

How does age and gender play a role in tendon injury?

Answer 28

age- older, fibres stiffen, less collagen weaken

gender- males more at risk, greater loads go
through tendon
more collagen in men

Question 29

Why is recovery hard when a tendon is ruptured?

Answer 29

poor blood supply in achilles tendon- rehab difficult, likelihood of re injury
speed of recovery in tendon is slow

massage and flexibility training
stem cell injection therapy- severe injury, encourages recovery

Question 30

What is a ligament?

Answer 30

short band of tough flexible fibrous connective tissue

connects bones cartilage or holds a joint

Question 31

How are ankle ligament injuries caused?

Answer 31

footwear
surface- uneven
player contact

Question 32

What are the properties of a ligament?

Answer 32

stabilises joint 
restricts movement 
prevents excessive motion- less collagen
more elastin- allow stretch
high strength
poor blood supply 
stress increases as strain increases 
can lengthen without damaging

Question 33

How can genetics and gender affect the likelihood of ligament injury?

Answer 33

genetics- specific gene for acl and ankle injury

gender- greater q ankle in women- child bearing
hormones
fewer collagen fibres and less tensile strength in women

Question 34

How does the running style affect the likelihood of ligament injury?

Answer 34

over pronation of ankle

increase risk of ankle sprain

Question 35

What other damage can follow on from a ligament injury?

Answer 35

increased stretching- risk of joint dislocation

dislocation can damage surrounding, lig, nerves etc

Question 35

What other damage can follow on from a ligament injury?

Answer 35

increased stretching- risk of joint dislocation

dislocation can damage surrounding, lig, nerves etc

Question 36

How does running injury occur in novice obese runners?

Answer 36

unaccustomed load to tendons, lig, bones
increased force up the leg
increase bend causing compression of bone
shin splints

inactivity- weakening of lig and tendons
this means sudden increase in PA leads to risk of injury

Question 37

How does injury risk increase in older people?

Answer 37

risk of falls
increased inactivities due to retirement or disease
deconditioning
need gradual exercise and maintaining activity

Question 38

How does ice and heat help in treatment?

Answer 38

ice- reduce swelling

heat- increase blood flow