Biomechanics of injury and links to sedentary behaviour Flashcards
What is wrong with the WHO definition of health?
it interprets that if you are injured you are unhealthy
What is the impact of the WHO definition on healthcare?
the who definition is still used in health therefore success of healthcare in terms of health is dependent on the amount of injuries you have
many come from sport but sport brings more benefits
What impact does injury have on sport?
high cost to healthcare
prevents active life
sociological impact in elite sport- injury changes group dynamics, fans may not like
performance and financial cost for elite sport
What are the 3 diseases which can be prevented through exercise?
obesity
heart disease
diabetes
saves money and lives- NHS
What is the debate on exercise and impact on health?
exercise brings health benefits
increase exercise means increase in risk of injury
What can increase the rate of injury through exercsie?
poor training plan footwear surfaces previous injury body structure age
How has the human body evolved through evolution?
led to body structure ideal for function
speed
ROM
dexterity- hands
however we have energy wastage
What lever is the body primarily made up of?
3rd class levers
What does the 3rd class lever consist of?
fulcrum- pivot point, joint, end of lever
lever- arm
load- other end of lever, dumbbell
resistance- muscle force that lies in between
How does a lever move?
through muscle force
controls movement of levers
What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?
concentric- shortening
eccentric- lengthening
isometric- holding, no movement
What is co contraction of a muscle and what is the function of it?
both muscles contract
protects from excessive joint movement- good for younger
stiffening- older
How does injury interact with ageing?
falls in old people- pain, inactivity, biological change
ageing- biological change, put more at risk of injury
What re the 2 types of injury?
chronic
acute
What are the non biological factors that can increase risk of injury?
other people
footwear
surfaces
training errors- not enough recovery
What are some of the biological factors that can increase the risk of injury?
genetics metabolism skeletal alignment flexibility location of tendons or ligaments stress and strain tolerance ageing gender- females, wider hips, increase in knee injuries, knees come in
What is a tendon?
tough band of fibrous connective tissue
connects muscle to bone
What is a function of a tendon?
apply muscle force to bone
transmit forces
withstand tension during muscle contraction- lengthening of tendon when muscle is contracting and getting shorter
Describe the 3 components that make up a tendon?
elastin protein- flexibility collagen protein- parallel closely packed, can change shape helps transmit force can become injured through overuse fibroblast- healing, inflammation
What parts of the body have short or long tendons?
short thick- quad
soft delicate movements- fingers, long
What tendons are likely to get injured?
Achilles
patella
short thick- more force, less ability for elastic recovery when stretched
What is the relationship between load and eccentric force?
more force during eccentric contractions- speed n contraction slower
eccentric muscle contraction is likely to cause injury as you are stretching the muscle
What happens when a muscle is damaged?
swelling to remove debris
pain- consequence of damage or to prevent from further damage
is we could turn off pain response- we could keep working
What is the relationship between the type of muscle contraction and cross bridges?
concentric- increase in cross bridge
therefore increase in tension
eccentric- decrease cross bridges and tension
Where does an achilles tendon rupture occur?
insertion of achilles tendon to hell bone- some heel bone pulled off
4-6cm above heel
How do we examine and treat achilles tendon rupture?
during palpation- feel gap
Thompson test- flex knee, squeeze calf, no movement- tendon rupture
ice rest elevate
cast- foot plantar flexed to bring tenon ends together
surgical- 2 ends sutured together, leg in cast, physio 4-6 months
How do genetics play a role in the likelihood of tendon injury?
sequence variants in different genes- associated with achilles tendon rupture
identifying the genotypes can help with prevention
How does age and gender play a role in tendon injury?
age- older, fibres stiffen, less collagen weaken
gender- males more at risk, greater loads go
through tendon
more collagen in men
Why is recovery hard when a tendon is ruptured?
poor blood supply in achilles tendon- rehab difficult, likelihood of re injury
speed of recovery in tendon is slow
massage and flexibility training
stem cell injection therapy- severe injury, encourages recovery
What is a ligament?
short band of tough flexible fibrous connective tissue
connects bones cartilage or holds a joint
How are ankle ligament injuries caused?
footwear
surface- uneven
player contact
What are the properties of a ligament?
stabilises joint restricts movement prevents excessive motion- less collagen more elastin- allow stretch high strength poor blood supply stress increases as strain increases can lengthen without damaging
How can genetics and gender affect the likelihood of ligament injury?
genetics- specific gene for acl and ankle injury
gender- greater q ankle in women- child bearing
hormones
fewer collagen fibres and less tensile strength in women
How does the running style affect the likelihood of ligament injury?
over pronation of ankle
increase risk of ankle sprain
What other damage can follow on from a ligament injury?
increased stretching- risk of joint dislocation
dislocation can damage surrounding, lig, nerves etc
What other damage can follow on from a ligament injury?
increased stretching- risk of joint dislocation
dislocation can damage surrounding, lig, nerves etc
How does running injury occur in novice obese runners?
unaccustomed load to tendons, lig, bones
increased force up the leg
increase bend causing compression of bone
shin splints
inactivity- weakening of lig and tendons
this means sudden increase in PA leads to risk of injury
How does injury risk increase in older people?
risk of falls
increased inactivities due to retirement or disease
deconditioning
need gradual exercise and maintaining activity
How does ice and heat help in treatment?
ice- reduce swelling
heat- increase blood flow
