Physiology of PA and Health

Question 1

What is Cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Answer 1

All diseases of the heart and circulation system

Question 2

How does acute exercise effect the CV system?

Answer 2

Increased: HR, SV, Q. , BP, aVO2-diff

Question 3

What is Stroke Volume?

Answer 3

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat

Question 4

What is heart rate?

Answer 4

How many times the heart beats per min

Question 5

What is Cardiac output (Q.)?

Answer 5

SV x HR

The volume of blood which is pumped out of the heart per min?

Question 6

What is Blood pressure?

Answer 6

The force the blood applies onto the artery walls

Question 7

What is Arterio-venous oxygen difference (aVO1-diff)?

Answer 7

The difference of oxygen content in the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood. = how much O2 is utilised

Question 8

What is coronary heart disease (CHD) and atherosclerosis?

Answer 8

The narrowing of the arterial lumen.

Atherosclerosis: the process whereby plaque builds up and narrows the arteries.

Question 9

What are the risk factors for CVD?

Answer 9

Biological: Genes, abnormal glucose metabolism, obesity and stress
Lifestyle: smoking, diet and PA

Question 10

Why does SV increase during exercise and how does training effect this?

Answer 10

There is an increase in the diastolic filling (greater preload) which produces a more forceful systolic contraction
Training increases SV as it increases the blood volume and reduces the resistance of blood flow

Question 11

What is the Fick Equation

Answer 11

VO2 = Q. x (aVO2-diff)

Question 12

Trained vs Untrained

Answer 12

Trained has:
Lower resting HR
Increased; SV, Q. , VO2 max, aVO2-diff

Question 13

What is VO2 max?

Answer 13

The maximum amount of oxygen utilised by the body per unit of time (per minute per kg of body weight).

Question 14

What are the risk factors of CHD?

Answer 14

Lipoproteins
Hypertension
Platelet stickiness

Question 15

Explain LDLs

Answer 15

Low density lipoproteins.

They’re bad cholesterol as they build up in the endothelium wall of capillaries

Question 16

Explain HDLs

Answer 16

High density lipoproteins (Good cholesterol)

They regulate the storage of LDLs and promote secretion of LDLs

Question 17

What is Lipoprotein Lipase?

Answer 17

An enzyme which breaks down triglycerides.

Its important for regulating body weight and it ensures free fatty acids are available for skeletal and cardiac muscles

Question 18

What is the NHS guidelines for cholesterol?

Answer 18

Healthy: 5mmol/l
High risk: 4mmol/L
LDL Level
Healthy: 3mmol/L
High risk: 2mmol/L