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Neuro Endo 3 > Physiology of Olfaction and Gustation > Flashcards

Physiology of Olfaction and Gustation Flashcards

1
Q

Sour

A

Stimulus: H+
NT: serotonin

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2
Q

Salty

A

Stimulus: Na+ binding ENaC
NT: serotonin

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3
Q

Sweet

A

Stimulus: sugars binding GPCRs
NT: ATP

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4
Q

Umami

A

Stimulus: glutamate binding mGluR4
NT: ATP

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5
Q

Bitter

A

Stimulus: various compounds binding GPCRs
NT: ATP

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6
Q

What type of cells are taste buds

A

specialized epithelial cells

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7
Q

How is chemosensory transduction initiated in taste buds?

A
  • initiated in apical domain

- electrical signals generated at the basal domain via graded receptor potentials and release of NT

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8
Q

Where are taste receptor proteins located?

A

concentrated in the microvilli that emerge from the apical surface

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9
Q

What types of cells are olfactory cells?

A

bipolar neurons that release glutamate

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10
Q

Steps in olfactory sensory transduction

A

1) odorant in mucus binds to receptor in membrane of cilia
2) activates Golf protein
3) activates adenylate cyclase
4) generation of cAMP
5) opens ion channel to let in Na+ and Ca2+
6) depolarization
7) opening of Ca2+ and Cl- channels open to provide remainder of depolarization needed to generate receptor potential

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11
Q

How is receptor potential reduced in olfaction transduction?

A
  • enzyme breakdown when cAMP levels drop

- binding of calcium to calmodulin reduces affinity for channel to cAMP

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12
Q

What occurs when a robust smell is perceived?

A
  • odorant becomes phosphorylated, which modifies its sensitivity to odorants
  • reduces cation influx
  • adaptation
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13
Q

Give an example of reversible hyposmia

A

-when you have a cold, thickened mucus blocks odorants from binding the odorant receptor

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14
Q

Which tastes binds with the highest affinity to their GPCR?

A

bitter; to detect poison

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15
Q

What occurs when dilute sweet tastes are given to infants?

A
  • analgesia
  • pleasure
  • only effective in oral
  • activates descending pain modulation centers in rats
  • sweet taste induced beta-endorphin release which activate the endogenous opioid system
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16
Q

How does sodium block bitter taste?

A

suppresses at level of bitter-receptor

17
Q

How does sugar block bitter taste?

A

suppresses at cognitive level

18
Q

Role of nucleus of solitary tract in gustation

A
  • receives sensory input from vagus that relays info from viscera
  • reflex circuits form basis for salivary secretions, mimetic responses and swallowing
19
Q

Role of ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus in gustation

A
  • relay station for tastes perception

- discriminative aspects of taste processed here

20
Q

Which areas comprise the gustatory cortex?

A
  • insular taste cortex
  • operculum of frontal lobe
  • post central gyrus
21
Q

Role of amygdala in gustation

A

-affective aspects of eating, emotional context of eating, memories of eating

22
Q

Role of hypothalamus in gustation

A

-integration of homeostatic mechanisms of eating

23
Q

Role of limbic system in gustation

A

-interplay between eating and the calming effects of food

24
Q

Role of orbitofrontal cortex

A

-integrating visual, somatosensory, olfaction and gustatory stimuli to collectively appreciate the flavor of food

25
Q

What does the perception of flavor require?

A

1) gustatory input from gustatory cortex
2) olfactory input from olfactory cortex
3) somatosensory information from the mouth

26
Q

Granular cells

A

local interneurons that release GABA and increase specificity of the signal in olfaction (granule cell layer)

27
Q

Mitral and tufted cells

A

project to olfactory tract

28
Q

Periglomerular cells

A

local interneurons that release GABA and increase specificity of signal (glomerular layer)

29
Q

Olfactory neurons

A

synapse onto glomeruli and release glutamate

30
Q

Anterior olfactory nucleus

A

relay station to ipsilateral and contralateral cortices

31
Q

Piriform cortex and lateral hypothalamus

A

control appetite and how olfactory input influences appetite and hunger

32
Q

piriform cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex

A

integration of sight, smell, and taste of food

appreciation of flavor

33
Q

anterior cortical amygdaloid nuclei

A

emotional learning, olfactory fear conditioning

34
Q

periamygdaloid cortex

A

integration of emotional aspect of food as elicited by odor

35
Q

entorhinal cortex and hippocampus

A

memory formation and how olfactory input facilitates both memory and recall

Neuro Endo 3 (13 decks)

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