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Neuro Endo 3 > Auditory and Language Pathways > Flashcards

Auditory and Language Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cell bodies from the afferent CN VIII cochlear division located?

A

Spiral Ganglion

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2
Q

Where do axons from spiral ganglion enter brainstem?

A

Pontomedullary junction

Divide into ascending and descending bundles

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3
Q

Ascending bundles synapse in

A

ANTERIOR subdivision of ventral cochlear nucleus

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4
Q

Descending bundles synapse in

A

POSTERIOR subdivision of ventral cochlear nucleus and dorsal cochlear nucleus

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5
Q

Function of monaural tract

A

sends information about sounds at a single ear to the contralateral side

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6
Q

Monaural Tract Steps:

A

1) cell bodies in DORSAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS cross to contralateral side via dorsal acoustic stria
2) Ascend in the lateral lemniscus to synapse in the inferior colliculus
3) cell bodies in INFERIOR COLLICULUS
4) axons travel via brachium of inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate nucleus
5) synapse in medial geniculate nucleus
6) cell bodies in MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS travel through sublenticular limb of the internal capsule
7) synapse in layer IV of the primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)

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7
Q

Function of Binaural Tract

A

send information about differences between sounds at both ears

handled by central pathways that receive, compare, and transmit this input

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8
Q

Binaural Tract Steps:

A

1) cell bodies in VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS project bilaterally passing through the trapezoid body to the superior olivary complex
2) cell bodies in MEDIAL and LATERAL SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS ascend in the lateral lemniscus to the INFERIOR COLLICULUS
3) cell bodies in INFERIOR COLLICULUS axons travel via brachium of inferior colliculus to the MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
4) synapse in MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
5) axons travel in layer IV of the primary auditory cortex

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9
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

deficit related to obstruction, or altered transformation of sound to the tympanic membrane or through the ossicle chain

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10
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

results from damage to the cochlea, the cochlear part of CN VIII, or to the cochlear nuclei

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11
Q

Central Deafness

A

damage to the central pathway (past cochlear nuclei)

so much crossing over occurs that this doesn’t result in total deafness, but makes it hard to follow conversation and localize sound

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12
Q

Blood supply to cochlea and auditory nuclei of pons and medulla

A

Basilar artery

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13
Q

Blood supply to inner ear and cochlear nuclei

A

Internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery (usually a branch of AICA)

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14
Q

What kind of hearing loss will occlusion of the AICA result in? What else may this lesion damage?

A

Monaural

-emerging fibers of the facial nerve and the pontine gaze center

Result: monaural deafness combined with ipsilateral facial paralysis and an inability to look toward the side of the lesion

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15
Q

Blood supply to superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscus

A

Short circumferential branches of the basilar artery

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16
Q

Blood supply to the inferior colliculus

A

Superior cerebellar and quadrigeminal arteries

17
Q

Blood supply to the medial geniculate bodies

A

Thalamogeniculate arteries

18
Q

Blood supply to primary auditory and association cortices

A

M2 segment of the MCA

19
Q

Which hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere?

A

Left

20
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Comprehension of spoken language

Word representation, word retrieval

21
Q

Broca’s area

A

Instruction for language output, planning the movements to produce speech, providing grammatical function of words

Word processing, grammar, word production, articulation

22
Q

Area analogous to Wernicke’s

A

Interpreting nonverbal signals from other people

23
Q

Area analogous to Broca’s

A

Instruction for producing non-verbal communication including emotional gestures and intonation of speech
(person with lesion here often takes things very literally)

24
Q

Langauge Pathway

A

1) Primary auditory cortex- auditory discrimination
2) Auditory association cortex- classification of sounds (language vs. other sounds)
3) Wernicke’s area- auditory comprehension, vocabulary
4) Subcortical connections- link Wernicke’s and Broca’s
5) Broca’s area- instructions for language output
6) Oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex- cortical output to speech muscles

25
Q

Lateral Temporal Cortex function

A

Semantic knowledge, word recognition (meaning)

26
Q

Arcuate fasciculations function

A

Word repetition

27
Q

Dorsal premotor cortex

A

Motor programs for articulation

28
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to identify an object despite being able to perceive it

29
Q

Auditory agnosia

A

Inability to describe a sound that has been heard

Lesion needs to be bilateral; rare

30
Q

What are the results of a Wernicke’s area lesion?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)
Defect in language comprehension; expression is fine
Unable to understand what is said to them
Unable to read (alexia)
Unable to write comprehensible language (agraphia)
Display fluent paraphasic speech
Usually not well aware of their deficit

31
Q

What are the results of a Broca’s area lesion?

A

Broca’s aphasia (expressive aphasia)
Loss of the ability to speak fluently; can understand spoken and written language
Most severe form = mutism
Less severe = limited speech
Short, habitual phrases
Speech is slow, labored, poor enunciation
Nonessential words omitted

32
Q

Global Lesion

A

Lesion of lateral sulcus
Receptive and expressive deficits
reading and writing impaired

33
Q

Transcortical motor

A 
nonfluent
preserved grammar (distinguishes Broca's)
normal comprehension 
preserved naming
preserved repetition
ACA-MCA border zone infarction
34
Q

Transcortical sensory

A 
fluent
preserved grammar
impaired comprehension
impaired naming
preserved repetition (distinguishes from Wernicke)
MCA-PCA border zone infarction
35
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

lesion of supramarginal gyrus and arcuate fasciculus
intact fluency
good comprehension
speech interrupted by word-finding difficulties
reading intact, writing impaired

Neuro Endo 3 (13 decks)

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