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Neuro Endo 3 > Neurophysiology of Emotion DSA > Flashcards

Neurophysiology of Emotion DSA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the limbic system?

A
  • control emotional behavior

- control motivational drives

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2
Q

What is the key player in the limbic system and what does it do?

A

Hypothalamus

  • emotional experience
  • physiological response
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3
Q

Function of the olfactory area

A

-olfaction and emotion strongly linked

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4
Q

Function of thalamus

A
  • anterior nucleus = part of Papez circuit (formation of memories and learning)
  • other regions involved in both input and output of limbic system
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5
Q

Part of basal ganglia involved in emotion

A
  • nucleus accumbens

- putamen

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6
Q

Function of hippocampus in limbic system

A
  • another part of papez circuit
  • memory and emotion linked
  • parahippocampal regions linked to surprise
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7
Q

Function of amygdala

A

-association with emotion, particularly fear and anger

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8
Q

Function of cingulate cortex

A
  • mostly paleocortex (3 layers)
  • some parts have full 6 layers
  • many of these neurons show after discharge, which is the continuation of firing even after the event has finished
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9
Q

Emotions hardwired in human brains

A

Happy, Sad, FADS

  • happiness (pleasure)
  • sadness
  • fear
  • anger
  • disgust
  • surprise
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10
Q

What is one of the most important findings in identifying the physiological basis of emotion?

A

THE CIRCUITS THAT ALLOW US TO EXPERIENCE AN EMOTION ARE THE SAME CIRCUITS THAT ALLOW US TO IDENTIFY THAT EMOTION IN OTHERS

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11
Q

What are the 2 kinds of fear?

A

1) Innate (unconditioned) - fear that requires no experience (important in animals for survival, often linked to smell)
2) Learned (conditioned) - learned from first hand experience or from indirect experience

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12
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in fear?

A
  • processing and recognizing social cues relating to fear
  • emotional conditioning in response to fear
  • memory
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13
Q

How does sensory input used to create fear arrive to the amygdala?

A

1) direct thalamoamygdaloid pathway to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (rapid response)
2) indirect thalamocorticoamygdaloid pathway to lateral nucleus of the amygdala (later responses)

Indirect pathway goes to cortex first, which makes it a later response

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14
Q

What is the function of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in learned fear?

A

integrates the input

I.e. pairing of sound and an electrical shock

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15
Q

Where is the paired information of learned fear from the lateral nucleus of the amygdala then sent?

A

basal and intercalated nuclei for additional processing

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16
Q

Where does the information of learned fear from the basal and intercalated nuclei then go?

A

central nucleus of the amygdala (final event) which then decides what responses are required and relays information appropriately

17
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in fear?

A

generating physiological response

18
Q

What happens in an individual who has damaged their amygdala?

A
  • fear is not perceived

- conditioning related to fear does not occur

19
Q

Where is anger mediated?

A

amygdala

20
Q

What does the perception of anger require?

A

dopamine acting at D2 receptors

21
Q

What areas of brain inhibit anger?

A

-neocortex
-ventromedial
-hypothalamic nuclei
-septal nuclei
(they don’t suppress the feeling of anger, but they determine if it is appropriate to act on it)

22
Q

What is avoidance designed to do?

A
  • opposite of pleasure/reward pathways

- prevent occurrence of a behavior that has short term rewards, but long term consequences

23
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in avoidance?

A
  • lateral posterior hypothalamus
  • dorsal midbrain
  • entorhinal cortex
24
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in sadness?

A
  • lower sector of the anterior cingulate cortex

- strongly activated when recalling sad events

25
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in disgust?

A
  • insular cortex and putamen
  • processing and recognition of social cues related to disgust
  • often damaged in Huntington’s disease
26
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in surprise?

A
  • parahippocampal gyrus

- detects novelty or unexpected events

27
Q

What two areas are involved in the higher order processing of emotion?

A
  • anterior cingulate cortex

- prefrontal cortex

28
Q

How is the anterior cingulate cortex divided?

A

functionally into two regions:

1) ventral = affective
2) dorsal = cognitive

29
Q

What is the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the control of emotion (mostly ventral)?

A
  • integration of visceral, attentional, and emotional input
  • regulation of affect (top down control of our emotions)
  • monitors/detects conflict between our functional state and new information that has potential or motivational consequences
  • DOES NOT DECIDE WHAT TO DO, but relays info to prefrontal cortex
30
Q

What are the two divisions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

1) dorsolateral

2) ventromedial

31
Q

Where does the dorsolateral division of the prefrontal cortex receive input from?

A
  • motor areas
  • cingulate cortex
  • cortical association areas
32
Q

Where does the ventromedial division of the prefrontal cortex receive input from?

A
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • temporal visual association area
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
33
Q

What are the 3 major roles of the ventromedial division of the prefrontal cortex in the control of emotion?

A

1) reward processing- with amygdala, we link new stimulus to a primary reward
2) integration of bodily signals- the “gut feeling”; decision when logical analysis is unable to help
3) top down regulation- especially towards delayed gratification

34
Q

Summary of role of anterior cingulate cortex in emotional control

A
  • ventral region
  • integration of all sensory info and emotional processing
  • controlling emotional display
  • conflict detection
35
Q

Summary of role of prefrontal cortex in emotional control

A
  • ventromedial subdivision
  • reward processing
  • gut feeling
  • delayed gratification

Neuro Endo 3 (13 decks)

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