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Neuro Endo 3 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A
  • membrane depolarization and transmission of signal from synapses
  • communication is rapid but effects on target cell/organs is short lived
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2
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • involves chemicals (hormones) distributed throughout the body by cardiovascular system
  • bind to specific receptors on “target cells”
  • slower communication, but longer duration
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3
Q

Humoral stimuli

A
  • release controlled by monitoring levels of ions and nutrients in blood and body fluids
  • I.e. release of parathyroid hormone stimulated by low serum calcium
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4
Q

Neuronal stimuli

A
  • release stimulated by nerve signals

- I.e. release of epi from adrenal gland in response to sympathetic nerve fibers

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5
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A
  • release caused by hormone secreted into bloodstream by another endocrine organ or cell
  • I.e. release of thyroid hormone stimulated by the release of TSH from pituitary
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6
Q

Characteristics of endocrine gland organization

A
  • epithelioid cells arranged as cords/follicles (some isolated as individual cells)
  • derived from epithelia
  • well vascularized
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7
Q

How does the hypothalamus directly influence the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that directly influence pituitary hormone secretion

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8
Q

How does the hypothalamus directly influence the kidney and uterus?

A

Produces two hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone) that are stored in the posterior pituitary

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9
Q

How does the hypothalamus directly influence the adrenal medulla?

A

Oversees the ANS, helping to stimulate adrenal medulla via sympathetic innervation

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10
Q

How do hypothalamic hormones indirectly influence the body?

A

Releases hormones (tropic hormones) that stimulate or inhibit release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

What parts of the body do hypothalamic hormones indirectly influence?

A

Thyroid gland- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenal gland- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Mammary gland- prolactin
Gonads- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)
Bone/other organs- growth hormone (GH)
Melanocytes- melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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12
Q

What is the pituitary gland formed from and in what week?

A

Ectodermal placode leading to Rathke’s pouch

Week 3

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13
Q

What occurs with the pituitary gland during week 8 in utero?

A
  • pouch loses connection with outside
  • joins diverticulum from developing diencephalon of neural tube
  • infundibulum forms posterior pituitary and infundibulum stalk
  • Rathke’s pouch forms rest of pituitary
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14
Q

Where does anterior pituitary come from?

A

-ectoderm from oral cavity

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15
Q

Where does posterior pituitary come from?

A

-neural ectoderm from developing diencephalon

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16
Q

What weeks are the following hormones developed: ACTH, GH, TSH & LH, FSH

A

ACTH- 7 wks
GH- 8 to 9 wks
TSH & LH- 12 wks
FSH- 13 wks

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17
Q

What cell type compromises the anterior pituitary gland? What are these cells controlled by?

A

glandular epithelial cells controlled by neurohormones released from hypothalamus

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18
Q

How much of the pituitary gland is considered anterior?

A

80%

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19
Q

What is the posterior pituitary comprised of?

A
  • axons from hypothalamus that carry ADH and oxytocin for storage and release
  • support cells
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20
Q

Parts of anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A 
Pars tuberalis (surrounds infundibulum)
Pars intermedia (between posterior and anterior)
Pars distalis (big circular part of anterior pituitary)
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21
Q

Parts of posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A 
Infundibular stalk (connection to hypothalamus)
Pars nervosa (big circular part of posterior pituitary)
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22
Q

Major cell types in Anterior Pituitary

A 
Somatotropic
Thyrotropic
Corticotropic
Gonadotropic
Mammotropic
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23
Q

Function of Somatotropic cells (ant. pit)

A

secrete GH

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24
Q

Function of Thyrotropic cells (ant. pit)

A

secrete TSH regulating thyroid gland secretion

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25
Function of Corticotropic cells (ant. pit)
- secrete ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete stress related hormones and mediate metabolism - secrete MSH which stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
26
Function of Gonadotropic cells (ant. pit)
secrete FSH and LH that act on gonads
27
Function of Mammotropic cells (ant. pit)
secrete prolactin and stimulate milk production
28
Cells of Pars Distalis (anterior pituitary)
Acidphils Basophils Chromophobes Sinusoidal (fenestrated) capillaries
29
Cell types within acidphils
Somatotrophs- GH | Mammotrophs- Prolactin
30
Cell types within basophils
Corticotrophs- ACTH Thyrotrophs- TSH Gonadotrophs- FSH/LH
31
What is the pars intermedia and what does it do?
- Part of the anterior pituitary between the pars distalis and pars nervosa - Contains small basophilas and colloid-filled follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium - Frequently contains cleft = remnant of Rathke's pouch - Unknown function (rudimentary in adults)
32
Where is the pars nervosa located?
Part of the anterior pituitary continuous with median eminence of the hypothalamus via infundibular stalk
33
What is the function of the pars nervosa?
Stores and releases hormones from axon terminal
34
What is the pars nervosa comprised of?
- hypothalamic unmyelinated axons (Herring bodies = expanded axonal nerve terminal storing ADH/oxytocin) - pituicytes (glia-like) support nerve fibers - fenestrated capillaries
35
Describe the hypophyseal portal system
- blood supply to the hypophysis | - hypothalamic hormones are released into this blood system to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
36
What are the components of the portal system?
1) Primary capillary plexus- where hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones 2) Hypophyseal portal veins- hormones travel through portal veins to anterior pituitary to stimulate or inhibit hormone release 3) Secondary capillary release- where the hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary travel into the general circulation
37
Hormones released from anterior pituitary
FLAT PeG | FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, endorphins, GH
38
Hormones released from posterior pituitary
ADH, oxytocin - transported down axons to posterior pituitary - stored in neurosecretory bodies in posterior pituitary - when hypothalamic neurons fire, nerve impulses arriving at neurosecretory bodies cause oxytocin to be released into blood
39
Function of ADH
Targets kidney to regulate sodium and water retention
40
Function of Oxytocin
Targets uterine smooth muscle and stimulates lactation; induces birth May be involved in sexual arousal and pair and social bonding
41
Origin of pineal gland
out pocketing of diencephalon's roof of 3rd ventricle | covered in pia mater
42
Function of pineal gland
Growth, development, circadian rhythm, synthesizes melatonin and serotonin
43
What is the pineal gland comprised of?
- pinealocytes - calcified granular material = calcium phosphate crystals located intercellular spaces showing up beginning in early childhood (important radiogenic marker) - neuroglia
44
Characterize the anatomy of the thyroid
-follicles consisting of follicular cells surrounding a fluid called colloid
45
What type of cell are the follicular cells?
simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
46
What does the colloid fluid contain?
Thyroglobulin = storage form of thyroid hormones T3 and T4
47
What is the only gland to store hormone outside the cell?
Thyroid
48
What are the functions of thyroid hormones?
- control metabolism - O2 usage - body temperature
49
Where is thyroid hormone generated and stored?
Extracellularly as thyroglobulin
50
Synthesis of thyroglobulin
- synthesized in the rER - glycosylated in Golgi - secreted by exocytosis into lumen of the follicle - iodinated at apical surface forming T3 and T4 that is bound to thyroglobulin
51
What does TSH stimulate?
Internalization of thyroglobulin via endocytosis where it is degraded, freeing T3 and T4
52
How are T3 and T4 released?
Released from basal surface of follicle cells into the circulation
53
Where are parafollicular cells located?
Lie just outside the follicles of the thyroid
54
Function of parafollicular cells
Secrete calcitonin when blood levels of calcium are HIGH
55
How does the release of calcitonin from parafollicular (C) cells lower circulating calcium?
- stimulates kidney secretion - decreases the calcium releasing activity of osteoclasts - increases osteogenesis by osteoblasts
56
What disease is caused by abnormal antibodies stimulating TSH receptors and causing an overproduction of T3 and T4?
Grave's Disease (1:2000 in US)
57
What are the symptoms of Grave's disease?
- elevated metabolism - sweating - rapid heart rate - weight loss - eyeballs protruding - more common in women
58
Hypothyroidism mechanism
Insufficient T3 and T4 production | Often autoimmune disease-causing follicle cell death
59
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
- low metabolic rate - weight gain - lethargy - chilliness - edema - mental sluggish
60
Treatment for Grave's Disease
Thyroidectomy or anti-thyroid drugs
61
Treatment for hypothyroidism
synthetic T3/T4
62
What is the result of iodine deficiency
Goiters | -follicle cells keep producing thyroglobulin but cannot iodinate it to make TH
63
Where are parathyroid glands located?
posterior surface of thyroid gland
64
What does parathyroid gland release?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
65
Function of parathyroid glands?
Regulate serum calcium and phosphate levels
66
What are the two cell types of parathyroid gland?
Chief (principle) cells | Oxyphil cells
67
What are the functions of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?
- release PTH - secretion occurs when blood calcium falls below normal range (9.5-10.5 mg/dL) - secretion stops when level of calcium returns to normal
68
Steps of calcium regulation by PTH
1) low blood calcium levels 2) PTH secreted into bloodstream 3) stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium; increase calcium retention by kidneys; stimulates kidney to convert an inactive form of vitamin D to calcitriol (active) which increases calcium absorption by the intestines 4) Blood calcium levels increase and inhibit further PTH release
69
How is the adrenal gland divided?
Outer adrenal cortex | Inner central core = adrenal medulla
70
Name the layers of the adrenal gland and the hormone it secretes from top to bottom.
``` Capsule Zona glomerulosa- aldosterone Zona fasciculata- cortisol and androgens Zona reticularis- cortisol and androgens Adrenal medulla- epi and norepi ```
71
What kind of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex that are vital for survival?
steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
72
What are the structures and functions of the 3 zones of the cortex?
1) Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)- influence sodium and potassium levels; releases aldosterone 2) Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids)- influence glucose metabolism and immune system; released under control of ACTH from anterior pituitary; releases cortisol 3) Zona reticularis (androgens)- influence secondary sex characteristics
73
Function of aldosterone
- targets kidney - secreted in response to low BP or BV - controlled by renin-angiotensin system
74
Function of cortisol
- deals with stress and mediates glucose metabolism | - serves as negative feedback mechanism for the immune system
75
What does the adrenal medulla consist of?
Clusters of large, spherical chromaffin cells which are the target of sympathetic neurons
76
What do chromaffin cells secrete when stimulated by the sympathetic division of ANS?
epi- smaller with granules less electron dense | norepi- larger with granules more electron dense
77
Addison's Disease
HYPOsecretory disorder in both glucocotricoids and mineralcorticoids
78
Symptoms of Addison's
- low blood glucose - low blood sodium - severe dehydration - low BP - fatigue - loss of appetite
79
Cushing's Syndrome
HYPERsecretion of glucocorticoids because of either an ACTH secreting pituitary tumor or a tumor in adrenal corte
80
Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome
- high serum glucose levels - protein loss in muscles - muscle weakness - lethargy - depression of immune system - buffalo hump and moon face
81
Parts of the pancreas
Exocrine cells organized in pancreatic acini | Endocrine cells organized into clusters called pancreatic islets
82
Pancreatic Alpha cells
Secrete glucagon when blood glucose levels drop; stimulates release of glucose from liver glycogen stores
83
Pancreatic Beta cells
Secrete insulin when blood glucose levels are elevated and promotes glycogen storage in liver and entry into cells
84
Pancreatic Delta cells
Secrete somatosatin, slowing the release of insulin and glucagon thereby controlling the rate of nutrient entry into the bloodstream and cells; stimulated by high levels of nutrients in blood stream
85
Pancreatic F cells
Secrete pancreatic polypeptide that inhibit the release of somatosatin
86
Pancreatic blood supply
1) insuloacinar portal system supplies each islet of langerhans 2) acinar vascular system supplies the pancreatic acini

Neuro Endo 3 (13 decks)

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