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Motor Control & Learning > Physiology of Motor Control > Flashcards

Physiology of Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between hierarchal and parallel processing?

A

Hierarchal is a higher level of control involved in cognitive and information processing. Involves abstract information from multiple sources.
Parallel is the same signal processed by several different structures through the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

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2
Q

What are the 5 levels of the perception/action hierarchy?

A

1) spinal cord
2) brain stem
3) Cerebellum
4) Diencephalon
5) Cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia)

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3
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A
  • lowest level of processing
  • “final common pathway” before muscle activation
  • reception and processing of somatosensory information
  • simple sensory/motor relationships (M1 reflexes)
  • reflexes
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4
Q

What is the “final common pathway”, and who coined that phrase?

A

Sherrington called the motor neurons of the spinal cord the final common pathway because they are the last level of processing before muscle activation.

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5
Q

What is the role of the Brain Stem?

A

Contains important nuclei involved in postural control and locomotion, including the vestibular nuclei.
Contains ascending and descending pathways transmitting sensory and motor info to other parts of the CNS.
Receives somatosensory input from the skin and muscles of the head, as well as sensory input from the vestibular and visual systems.
Sends motor output to the neck, face, and eyes.

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6
Q

What information does the brainstem receive?

A

Receives somatosensory input from the skin and muscles of the head, and sensory input from the vestibular and visual systems.

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7
Q

What information does the brainstem send out?

A

Transmits motor output signals to the neck, face, and eyes.

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8
Q

What is the role of the Cerebellum?

A

Receives inputs from the spinal cord and from the cerebral cortex.

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9
Q

What information does the cerebellum receive from the spinal cord?

A

It receives input from the spinal cord regarding movement feedback.

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10
Q

What info does the cerebellum receive from the cerebral cortex?

A

Planning feedback from the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

What role does the cerebellum play in regards to the conceptual model?

A

It is the comparator…compares feedback from the motor areas and cerebral cortex….ACTUAL VS DESIRED STATES

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12
Q

What two structures compose the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

It receives and processes information from parallel inputs going to the cortex.

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14
Q

What parallel input pathways does the thalamus receive information?

A

Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

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15
Q

What does the hypothalamus link?

A

CNS info to the pituitary gland for hormonal responses.

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16
Q

What two areas are within the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Cerebral cortex

Basal Ganglia

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17
Q

What is the role of the basil ganglia?

A

Receives information from the cerebral cortex and sends it to the motor cortex via the thalamus. (desired state)

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18
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

A

Identifies targets
Chooses actions
Programs movements

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19
Q

What areas are contained within the cerebral cortex?

A

Parietal area
premotor areas
Motor cortex

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20
Q

What is the role of the parietal and premotor areas?

A

Identification of targets, choosing a course of action, and programming movements.

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21
Q

What does the premotor area do?

A

Sends outputs to the motor cortex

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22
Q

What is the pathway involved for pouring milk?

A

Sensory input from periphery.
Sensory info about the task: size of glass, weight of milk carton.
Higher centers in the cortex make action plan based on information from sensory areas.
From sensory map in cortex, movement plan established by parietal and premotor cortices.
Plan sent to the motor cortex and muscle groups are specified.
Plan also sent to the cerebellum and basal ganglia to modify and refine the movement to avoid obstacles, etc.
The cerebellum sends uptdate of the movement output plan to the motor cortex and brain stem.
The Descending pathways from the motor cortex and brainstem activate spinal cord networks.
Spinal motor neurons activate the muscles and you reach for milk.
If the milk carton is full when you thought it was empty, spinal reflex pathways will compensate for the extra weight and activate more motor neurons.
Sensory consequences will be evaluated and the cerebellum will update the movement.

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23
Q

Summarize the pathway for getting milk.

A

Input to nonmotor cortex
Sensory map created in parietal and premotor.
Plan sent to motor cortex.
Plan also to cerebellum and basal ganglia.
Cerebellum sends updated info to motor cortex and brain stem.
Motor cortex and brain stem send info to descending pathways.
Spinal motor neurons activate muscles.
Cerebellum evaluates additional sensory information to further refine movement.

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24
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV
K+ inside, Na+ outside
Neuron at rest

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25
Q

What is the action potential of a neuron?

A

K+ moves out, Na+ in
Voltage jumps across the cell membrane when voltage reaches -40mV
Voltage increases to +30mV

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26
Q

What is spacial summation?

A

multiple synapses on a post synaptic neuron

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27
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Single presynaptic neuron that sends signal rapidly.

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28
Q

What is synaptic facilitation?

A

When more neurotransmitter is released and depolarization is easier due to a threshold of -55mV

29
Q

What is habituation?

A

When less neurotransmitter is released.
Depolarization is harder
Threshold is -40mV

30
Q

Whta is the somatosensory system?

A

Proprioception, visual, and vestibular information

31
Q

What comprises muscle spindles?

A

Intrafusal fibers
Sensory neurons
Gamma motor neurons

32
Q

What are Intrafusal fibers?

A

Small, specialized muscle fibers that provide signals to the 1a and 2 afferent nerves

33
Q

What role do nuclear bag intrafusal fibers play?

A

Stretch quickly when lengthened and signal 1a neurons to rate of change and dynamic muscle length

34
Q

What is the role of nuclear chain intrafusal fibers?

A

Stretch slowly when lengthened and signals 1a and 2 afferent nerves to both dynamic and static muscle length

35
Q

What do 1a sensory nerves indicate?

A

1a are sensitive to rate of change, or dynamic muscle length and receive info from nuclear bag and chain fibers.

36
Q

What do 2 afferent nerves respond to?

A

steady state, static muscle length from nuclear chain fibers

37
Q

What are gamma motor neurons?

A

Activate both bag and chain muscle fibers

38
Q

What is the dynamic role of gamma motor neurons?

A

Innervate dynamic bag muscle fibers to enhance dynamic response of 1a afferents

39
Q

What is the static role of gamma motor neurons?

A

innervates both static bag and chain, and enhances static response of 2 afferents

40
Q

What is the role of dorsal root ganglion in sensation?

A

these first order neurons send info from somatosensory systems (muscles, proprio, visual, etc) to higher brain centers

41
Q

What info do anteriolateral systems provide?

A

Info about crude touch and pressure.

Info about thermal and pain to higher centers

42
Q

What areas do dorsal and anteriolateral systems go to?

A

Thalamus and somatosensory cortex (parietal, premotor)

43
Q

What information does the thalamus receive?

A

Info from both ascending tracts

Info from other brain centers

44
Q

What other roles does the thalamaus serve?

A

Relays between subcortical structures and cerebral cortex.

Also processes sensory info

45
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory cortex?

A

major processing area for ALL somatosensory modalities.
Conscious awareness of sensation.
Integrates multiple sources of informatoin to provide ino about movement of a given body area.

46
Q

What are the two visual streams?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

47
Q

What info is carried through the Dorsal Stream?

A

Info through retina to primary visual cortex
Posterior parietal cortex
For visual control of movement
Action

48
Q

What info is the ventral stream responsible for?

A

Info through retina to primary visual cortex, into inferotemporal cortex.
Cognitive info about environment - identification and recognition
Perception of what something is.

49
Q

What comprises the vestibular system?

A

Peripheral receptors

Central Connections

50
Q

What are the peripheral recepters?

A

part of the inner ear labyrinth
Semicircular canals
Utricle and Saccule

51
Q

What are the semicircular canals?

A

Detect angular motion of the head

52
Q

What do the Utricle and Saccule do?

A

Identify body position with reference to gravity and linear acceleration of the head

53
Q

Where does info from the peripheral receptors of the vestibuluar system go?

A

the ascend to vestibular nuclei

54
Q

What areas comprise the Motor cortex?

A

primary motor cortex
Supplementary motor area
Premotor cortex

55
Q

What is the role of the motor cortex?

A

Interacts with the sensory processing areas to identify where we want to move, plan movement, and execute actions.

56
Q

What areas does the motor cortex interact with?

A

Sensory processing areas of the parietal lobe, the basal ganglia, and cerebellum

57
Q

What is the role of the Primary motor cortex?

A

provides map of the body

enervate muslces

58
Q

What does the primary motor cortex provide info about?

A

Absolute force

Movement speed

59
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex get info from?

A 
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Sensory areas
Somatosensory cortex
Association cortices of parietal lobe
60
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex send info TO?

A

Corticospinal tract
Monosynaptic connections with alpha motor neurons (M2)
Polysynaptic connections to gamma motor neurons
Polysynaptic connections with spinal cord

61
Q

Where does the supplementary motor area get information from?

A

Thalamus
Basal Ganglia
Parietal Cortex

62
Q

Where does the supplementary motor area send info to?

A

primary motor cortex

spinal cord

63
Q

What is the supplementary motor area responsible for?

A

Motor planning, learning internally reference movements
Controls internally initiated movements
Activates motor programs
Learns sequences

64
Q

What are the association areas of the frontal cortex responsible for?

A 
Prefrontal cortex
Executive decision
attention
decision making
motor planning
integration of sensory information
selection of motor response
65
Q

What are the three areas of the cerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe
Vermis and intermediate hemispheres
Lateral hemispheres

66
Q

What is the role of the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Receives input from visual and vestibular systems, and outputs return to the vestibular nuclei

67
Q

What is the role of the vermis and intermediate hemispheres?

A

Receives proprioceptive feedback and cutaneous inputs from the spinal cord. visual vestibular auditory info also

68
Q

What do the lateral hemispheres do?

A

receives info from brainstem which relays info from wide areas of the cerebral cortex.
Plans movement and evaluates sensory info for the motor learning process

Motor Control & Learning (11 decks)

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