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Motor Control & Learning > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a motor skill?

A

A motor skill is a skill for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the movement that the performer produces.

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2
Q

What is a discrete skill?

A

A discrete skill is a skill or task that is organized in such a way that the action is usually brief and has a well-defined beginning and end.

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3
Q

What is a serial skill?

A

A serial skill is a type of skill organization that is characterized by several discrete actions connected together in a sequence, often with the order of the actions being crucial to performance success.

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4
Q

What is a continuous skill?

A

A skill organized in such a way that the action unfolds without a recognizable beginning and end in an ongoing and often repetitive fashion.

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5
Q

What type of skill is hammering a nail?

A

Serial

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6
Q

What type of skill is throwing a dart?

A

Discrete

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7
Q

What type of skill is skipping rope?

A

Continuous

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8
Q

Define cognitive skill.

A

A cognitive skill is one for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the performer’s decisions regarding what to do.

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9
Q

What determines a skill to be open?

A

When the skill is performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion. This requires performers to adapt movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment.

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10
Q

What makes a skill closed?

A

When the skill is performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary, allowing performers to plan their movements in advance.

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11
Q

Would gymnastics competitions be open or closed skills?

A

Closed, due to a planned routine in a predictable environment.

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12
Q

What type of skill, open or closed, is steering a car?

A

a mixture of both open and closed

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13
Q

What is Gentile known for?

A

Gentile developed a two-dimensional classification system that consideres bother the requirements of the action and the demands of the environment.

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14
Q

According to Gentile, what is “regulatory variability”?

A

When environmental demands include the degree to which the environment is stationary or in motion (open vs closed environment).

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15
Q

According to Gentile, what is “context variability”?

A

Context variability involves the extent to which the environment changes from one performance attempt to the next (practice makes perfect).

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16
Q

How much “regulatory variability” is involved in closed environment tasks?

A

Minimal regulatory variability is involved in closed environment skills, such as hitting a stationary golf ball.

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17
Q

How much “regulatory variability” is involved in open environment tasks, such as hitting a baseball?

A

Regulatory variability is high for open environments.

18
Q

What did Newell study?

A

The understanding of basic patterns and coordination.

19
Q

What did Fitts and Posner study?

A

Cognitive and associative stages of performance and learning.

20
Q

Who studied the verbal stages of performance and learning?

A

Adams

21
Q

Define “motor performance”.

A

Motor performance is the observable production of a voluntary action or motor skill. The level of a person’s performance is susceptible to fluctuations in temporary factors such as motivation, arousal, fatigue, and physical condition.

22
Q

Define “motor learning”.

A

Motor learning is the changes, associated with practice or experience, in internal processes that determine a person’s capability for producing a motor skill.

23
Q

What are Fitts and Posner’s theoretical depictions of Early and Later stages of learning?

A

Early: Cognitive (trial and error), associative (homing in)
Later: Autonomous (free and easy)

24
Q

What is Adams’s depiction of early and late learning stages?

A

Early: Verbal motor (more talk)
Later: Motor (more action)

25
Q

What is Gentile’s depiction of early and later learning?

A

Early: Getting the idea of the movement
Later: Fixation and diversification (closed or open skill)

26
Q

What is Newell’s approach to early and later learning?

A

Early: Coordination (acquire the pattern)
Later: Control (adapt pattern as needed)

27
Q

What type of learning involves improvements in performance from repeated attempts without the performer’s knowledge?

A

Implicit learning.

28
Q

What is the difference between implicit and explicit learning?

A

With EXPLICIT learning, the improvements occur as a result of cognition by the performer, and changes are made to modify performance.

29
Q

What is “maximum certainty”?

A

The ability to meet performance goals or results with a certain high degree of control.

30
Q

What type of learning approach involves understanding motor performance and learning that emphasizes the context in which performance and learning take place?

A

Situation-based approach

31
Q

What is a model?

A

A tentative description of a system that captures many of its known properties. Models facilitate understanding of systems and promote practical applications.

32
Q

What is observable, influenced by motivation, attentional focus, fatigue, and physical conditions?

A

Motor performance

33
Q

What is an internal process that determines capability, improves with practice, and is often based on observing a person’s stability of motor performance?

A

Motor learning

34
Q

What is an action that is usually brief and has a well-defined beginning and end?

A

Discrete skill

35
Q

What is several distinct actions connected together in a sequence, often with the order of the actions being crucial to performance success?

A

serial skill

36
Q

What is an action that unfolds without a recognizable beginning and end in an ongoing and often repetitive fashion?

A

Continuous skill

37
Q

What is a skill for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the movement?

A

Motor skill

38
Q

What is a skill for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the performer’s decisions regarding what to do?

A

cognitive skill

39
Q

What is a skill performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion and that requires people to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment?

A

Open skill

40
Q

What is a skill performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary and that allows people to plan their movements in advance?

A

closed skill

Motor Control & Learning (11 decks)

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