Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of a motor skill?
A motor skill is a skill for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the movement that the performer produces.
What is a discrete skill?
A discrete skill is a skill or task that is organized in such a way that the action is usually brief and has a well-defined beginning and end.
What is a serial skill?
A serial skill is a type of skill organization that is characterized by several discrete actions connected together in a sequence, often with the order of the actions being crucial to performance success.
What is a continuous skill?
A skill organized in such a way that the action unfolds without a recognizable beginning and end in an ongoing and often repetitive fashion.
What type of skill is hammering a nail?
Serial
What type of skill is throwing a dart?
Discrete
What type of skill is skipping rope?
Continuous
Define cognitive skill.
A cognitive skill is one for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the performer’s decisions regarding what to do.
What determines a skill to be open?
When the skill is performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion. This requires performers to adapt movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment.
What makes a skill closed?
When the skill is performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary, allowing performers to plan their movements in advance.
Would gymnastics competitions be open or closed skills?
Closed, due to a planned routine in a predictable environment.
What type of skill, open or closed, is steering a car?
a mixture of both open and closed
What is Gentile known for?
Gentile developed a two-dimensional classification system that consideres bother the requirements of the action and the demands of the environment.
According to Gentile, what is “regulatory variability”?
When environmental demands include the degree to which the environment is stationary or in motion (open vs closed environment).
According to Gentile, what is “context variability”?
Context variability involves the extent to which the environment changes from one performance attempt to the next (practice makes perfect).
How much “regulatory variability” is involved in closed environment tasks?
Minimal regulatory variability is involved in closed environment skills, such as hitting a stationary golf ball.
How much “regulatory variability” is involved in open environment tasks, such as hitting a baseball?
Regulatory variability is high for open environments.
What did Newell study?
The understanding of basic patterns and coordination.
What did Fitts and Posner study?
Cognitive and associative stages of performance and learning.
Who studied the verbal stages of performance and learning?
Adams
Define “motor performance”.
Motor performance is the observable production of a voluntary action or motor skill. The level of a person’s performance is susceptible to fluctuations in temporary factors such as motivation, arousal, fatigue, and physical condition.
Define “motor learning”.
Motor learning is the changes, associated with practice or experience, in internal processes that determine a person’s capability for producing a motor skill.
What are Fitts and Posner’s theoretical depictions of Early and Later stages of learning?
Early: Cognitive (trial and error), associative (homing in)
Later: Autonomous (free and easy)
What is Adams’s depiction of early and late learning stages?
Early: Verbal motor (more talk)
Later: Motor (more action)
What is Gentile’s depiction of early and later learning?
Early: Getting the idea of the movement
Later: Fixation and diversification (closed or open skill)
What is Newell’s approach to early and later learning?
Early: Coordination (acquire the pattern)
Later: Control (adapt pattern as needed)
What type of learning involves improvements in performance from repeated attempts without the performer’s knowledge?
Implicit learning.
What is the difference between implicit and explicit learning?
With EXPLICIT learning, the improvements occur as a result of cognition by the performer, and changes are made to modify performance.
What is “maximum certainty”?
The ability to meet performance goals or results with a certain high degree of control.
What type of learning approach involves understanding motor performance and learning that emphasizes the context in which performance and learning take place?
Situation-based approach
What is a model?
A tentative description of a system that captures many of its known properties. Models facilitate understanding of systems and promote practical applications.
What is observable, influenced by motivation, attentional focus, fatigue, and physical conditions?
Motor performance
What is an internal process that determines capability, improves with practice, and is often based on observing a person’s stability of motor performance?
Motor learning
What is an action that is usually brief and has a well-defined beginning and end?
Discrete skill
What is several distinct actions connected together in a sequence, often with the order of the actions being crucial to performance success?
serial skill
What is an action that unfolds without a recognizable beginning and end in an ongoing and often repetitive fashion?
Continuous skill
What is a skill for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the movement?
Motor skill
What is a skill for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the performer’s decisions regarding what to do?
cognitive skill
What is a skill performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion and that requires people to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment?
Open skill
What is a skill performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary and that allows people to plan their movements in advance?
closed skill
