Chapter 2

Question 1

What is the Information Processing Theory?

Answer 1

A theoretical framework that explains how individuals perform skilled movements. Information in, something happens, individual responds

Question 2

Within the IP model, what is input?

Answer 2

Input is information received from sensory systems (visual, auditory, etc).

Question 3

What involves perception within the IP model?

Answer 3

Input

Question 4

What involves cognition within the IP model?

Answer 4

encoding, processing, selection of movements

Question 5

What involves action within the IP?

Answer 5

Output - execution of movements

Question 6

What are the three stages of processing?

Answer 6

Stimulus identification, Response selection, Response programming

Question 7

What is the first stage of information processing?

Answer 7

Stimulus identification

Question 8

What are the two essential parts of stimulus identification?

Answer 8

Stimulus detection 
Pattern recognition (implicit)

Question 9

What is encoding?

Answer 9

the translation of general info into recognizable info

Question 10

What is the second stage of information processing?

Answer 10

Response selection

Question 11

What does response selection involve?

Answer 11

Determines which, if any, response should be made. No movement made yet…reduces uncertainty about alternative responses when a given stimulus is present.

Question 12

What is the third stage of information processing?

Answer 12

Response programming

Question 13

What does response programming involve?

Answer 13

organization and initiation of actions based on selected responses.
Preparation of lower level mechanisms to act in the appropriate manner - action plan

Question 14

What is reaction time, and what parts of information processing model does it include?

Answer 14

RT is the time from onset of stimulus to the initiation of motor response. IT DOES NOT INCLUDE MOVEMENT

Question 15

What effects decision making time?

Answer 15

Number of stimulus-response alternatives
Stimulus response compatibility
Practice

Question 16

What involves both reaction time and movement time?

Answer 16

Response time

Question 17

What is choice Reaction time?

Answer 17

the interval of time that elapses between the presentation of one of several possible stimuli and the beginning of one of several possible responses.

Question 18

What is Hick’s law?

Answer 18

Hick’s law describes the stable relationship that exists between the number of stimulus-response alternatives and choice reaction time; specifically, as the lagarithm of the number of stimulus-response pairs increases, choice reaction time increases linearly.

Question 19

What makes choice reaction time faster?

Answer 19

Repetition of the same stimulus, better S-R compatibility, practice

Question 20

What is the degree to which the relationship between a stimulus and an associated response is natural?

Answer 20

Stimulus-response compatibility

Question 21

What is spacial anticipation?

Answer 21

anticipating WHAT will happen

Question 22

What is temporal anticipation?

Answer 22

anticipating WHEN a signal is going to happen

Question 23

What does anticipation do to the response selection stage?

Answer 23

it cuts it out by cutting down on stimulus-response choices…can improve reaction time significantly.

Question 24

What are the costs of anticipation?

Answer 24

Delays the speed of responding.

Costs more if incorrect movement is started.

Question 25

When would increased anticipation be beneficial during sports?

Answer 25

Increased anticipation would be beneficial during training.

Question 26

What is the physiological state of activation?

Answer 26

Arousal

Question 27

What is the behavioral state of activation?

Answer 27

Anxiety

Question 28

What is a STATE of anxiety?

Answer 28

The feeling of here and now

Question 29

What is an anxiety trait?

Answer 29

The general tendency towards nervousness

Question 30

How does arousal impact performance on the inverted U?

Answer 30

as arousal increases, performance increases, then decreases

Question 31

What level of arousal is best for skills with high cognitive elements?

Answer 31

Low levels of arousal benefit skills with high cognitive elements (chess)

Question 32

What is perceptual narrowing?

Answer 32

as arousal increases you focus on the most relevant stimuli in the environment

Question 33

What is cue utilization?

Answer 33

when perception is narrowed to the point of missing important cues...significant in high and low arousal

Question 34

Define parallel processing.

Answer 34

parallel processing is a type of information processing that allows people to handle two or more streams of information at the same time...usually occurs during the stimulus-identification stage

Question 35

What is the Stroop effect?

Answer 35

Competition between the response to color word and the ink color in which it's presented. Shows that two stimuli can be processed simultaneously, probably in the stimulus-identification stage.

Question 36

What is controlled processing?

Answer 36

A type of information processing that is slow, sequential, attention demanding, and voluntary...most prevalent in early learning.

Question 37

What is dual task interference?

Answer 37

When a complex primary task leads to poor secondary performance and low performance for both

Question 38

What is automaticity?

Answer 38

controlled process that may eventually become automatic. reduces attention and can cause errors

Question 39

Do controlled skills have increased or decreased reaction time delay?

Answer 39

increased delay

Question 40

Do automatic skills have increased or decreased RT delay?

Answer 40

decreased

Question 41

What is the difference between serial and parallel processing?

Answer 41

Serial is one thing at a time, parallel is multiple things

Question 42

How much interference is generally present in early stages of IP?

Answer 42

Minimal interference due to parallel processing

Question 43

In later stages of IP, how much interference is expected?

Answer 43

lots of interference due to serial processing.

Question 44

What is the Psychological Refractory Period?

Answer 44

PRP is a delay in the person's reaction time to the second of two closely spaced stimuli compared with the person's reaction time to the second stimulus alone.

Question 45

What is the short term sensory store?

Answer 45

The most peripheral memory system, which holds incoming information by modality until the person identifies it...almost unlimited capacity, but short term. Involves LITERAL coding.

Question 46

How long does information remain in short-term sensory store?

Answer 46

decays within 250msec...low level of info processing

Question 47

What is short-term memory?

Answer 47

The memory system that allows people to retrieve, rehearse, process, and transfer info from STSS...limited capacity, brief duration. ABSTRACT, MEDIUM VOLUME

Question 48

What is the capacity for short term memory?

Answer 48

7 bits, +/- 2 bits

Question 49

What is the delay in a person's reaction to the second of two closely spaced stimuli?

Answer 49

PRP

Question 50

What is the capacity of a person to predict what is going to happen in a performance situation?

Answer 50

Spacial anticipation

Question 51

What is the degree to which the relationship between a stimulus and its required response is natural?

Answer 51

S-R compatibility

Question 52

What is the interval between a warning signal and an unanticipated stimulus?

Answer 52

foreperiod

Question 53

What is the capacity of a person to predict when an event is going to happen?

Answer 53

Temporal anticipation

Question 54

The task of a defender during a three-on-one fast break in basketball?

Answer 54

choice RT

Question 55

What is illustrated by the fact that a warning signal at a railroad crossing usually prompts drivers to apply their brakes?

Answer 55

Consistent S-R mapping