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Motor Control & Learning > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Information Processing Theory?

A

A theoretical framework that explains how individuals perform skilled movements. Information in, something happens, individual responds

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2
Q

Within the IP model, what is input?

A

Input is information received from sensory systems (visual, auditory, etc).

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3
Q

What involves perception within the IP model?

A

Input

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4
Q

What involves cognition within the IP model?

A

encoding, processing, selection of movements

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5
Q

What involves action within the IP?

A

Output - execution of movements

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6
Q

What are the three stages of processing?

A

Stimulus identification, Response selection, Response programming

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7
Q

What is the first stage of information processing?

A

Stimulus identification

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8
Q

What are the two essential parts of stimulus identification?

A 
Stimulus detection 
Pattern recognition (implicit)
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9
Q

What is encoding?

A

the translation of general info into recognizable info

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10
Q

What is the second stage of information processing?

A

Response selection

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11
Q

What does response selection involve?

A

Determines which, if any, response should be made. No movement made yet…reduces uncertainty about alternative responses when a given stimulus is present.

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12
Q

What is the third stage of information processing?

A

Response programming

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13
Q

What does response programming involve?

A

organization and initiation of actions based on selected responses.
Preparation of lower level mechanisms to act in the appropriate manner - action plan

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14
Q

What is reaction time, and what parts of information processing model does it include?

A

RT is the time from onset of stimulus to the initiation of motor response. IT DOES NOT INCLUDE MOVEMENT

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15
Q

What effects decision making time?

A

Number of stimulus-response alternatives
Stimulus response compatibility
Practice

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16
Q

What involves both reaction time and movement time?

A

Response time

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17
Q

What is choice Reaction time?

A

the interval of time that elapses between the presentation of one of several possible stimuli and the beginning of one of several possible responses.

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18
Q

What is Hick’s law?

A

Hick’s law describes the stable relationship that exists between the number of stimulus-response alternatives and choice reaction time; specifically, as the lagarithm of the number of stimulus-response pairs increases, choice reaction time increases linearly.

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19
Q

What makes choice reaction time faster?

A

Repetition of the same stimulus, better S-R compatibility, practice

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20
Q

What is the degree to which the relationship between a stimulus and an associated response is natural?

A

Stimulus-response compatibility

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21
Q

What is spacial anticipation?

A

anticipating WHAT will happen

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22
Q

What is temporal anticipation?

A

anticipating WHEN a signal is going to happen

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23
Q

What does anticipation do to the response selection stage?

A

it cuts it out by cutting down on stimulus-response choices…can improve reaction time significantly.

24
Q

What are the costs of anticipation?

A

Delays the speed of responding.

Costs more if incorrect movement is started.

25
Q

When would increased anticipation be beneficial during sports?

A

Increased anticipation would be beneficial during training.

26
Q

What is the physiological state of activation?

A

Arousal

27
Q

What is the behavioral state of activation?

A

Anxiety

28
Q

What is a STATE of anxiety?

A

The feeling of here and now

29
Q

What is an anxiety trait?

A

The general tendency towards nervousness

30
Q

How does arousal impact performance on the inverted U?

A

as arousal increases, performance increases, then decreases

31
Q

What level of arousal is best for skills with high cognitive elements?

A

Low levels of arousal benefit skills with high cognitive elements (chess)

32
Q

What is perceptual narrowing?

A

as arousal increases you focus on the most relevant stimuli in the environment

33
Q

What is cue utilization?

A

when perception is narrowed to the point of missing important cues…significant in high and low arousal

34
Q

Define parallel processing.

A

parallel processing is a type of information processing that allows people to handle two or more streams of information at the same time…usually occurs during the stimulus-identification stage

35
Q

What is the Stroop effect?

A

Competition between the response to color word and the ink color in which it’s presented. Shows that two stimuli can be processed simultaneously, probably in the stimulus-identification stage.

36
Q

What is controlled processing?

A

A type of information processing that is slow, sequential, attention demanding, and voluntary…most prevalent in early learning.

37
Q

What is dual task interference?

A

When a complex primary task leads to poor secondary performance and low performance for both

38
Q

What is automaticity?

A

controlled process that may eventually become automatic. reduces attention and can cause errors

39
Q

Do controlled skills have increased or decreased reaction time delay?

A

increased delay

40
Q

Do automatic skills have increased or decreased RT delay?

A

decreased

41
Q

What is the difference between serial and parallel processing?

A

Serial is one thing at a time, parallel is multiple things

42
Q

How much interference is generally present in early stages of IP?

A

Minimal interference due to parallel processing

43
Q

In later stages of IP, how much interference is expected?

A

lots of interference due to serial processing.

44
Q

What is the Psychological Refractory Period?

A

PRP is a delay in the person’s reaction time to the second of two closely spaced stimuli compared with the person’s reaction time to the second stimulus alone.

45
Q

What is the short term sensory store?

A

The most peripheral memory system, which holds incoming information by modality until the person identifies it…almost unlimited capacity, but short term. Involves LITERAL coding.

46
Q

How long does information remain in short-term sensory store?

A

decays within 250msec…low level of info processing

47
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

The memory system that allows people to retrieve, rehearse, process, and transfer info from STSS…limited capacity, brief duration. ABSTRACT, MEDIUM VOLUME

48
Q

What is the capacity for short term memory?

A

7 bits, +/- 2 bits

49
Q

What is the delay in a person’s reaction to the second of two closely spaced stimuli?

A

PRP

50
Q

What is the capacity of a person to predict what is going to happen in a performance situation?

A

Spacial anticipation

51
Q

What is the degree to which the relationship between a stimulus and its required response is natural?

A

S-R compatibility

52
Q

What is the interval between a warning signal and an unanticipated stimulus?

A

foreperiod

53
Q

What is the capacity of a person to predict when an event is going to happen?

A

Temporal anticipation

54
Q

The task of a defender during a three-on-one fast break in basketball?

A

choice RT

55
Q

What is illustrated by the fact that a warning signal at a railroad crossing usually prompts drivers to apply their brakes?

A

Consistent S-R mapping

Motor Control & Learning (11 decks)

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