Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the Information Processing Theory?
A theoretical framework that explains how individuals perform skilled movements. Information in, something happens, individual responds
Within the IP model, what is input?
Input is information received from sensory systems (visual, auditory, etc).
What involves perception within the IP model?
Input
What involves cognition within the IP model?
encoding, processing, selection of movements
What involves action within the IP?
Output - execution of movements
What are the three stages of processing?
Stimulus identification, Response selection, Response programming
What is the first stage of information processing?
Stimulus identification
What are the two essential parts of stimulus identification?
Stimulus detection Pattern recognition (implicit)
What is encoding?
the translation of general info into recognizable info
What is the second stage of information processing?
Response selection
What does response selection involve?
Determines which, if any, response should be made. No movement made yet…reduces uncertainty about alternative responses when a given stimulus is present.
What is the third stage of information processing?
Response programming
What does response programming involve?
organization and initiation of actions based on selected responses.
Preparation of lower level mechanisms to act in the appropriate manner - action plan
What is reaction time, and what parts of information processing model does it include?
RT is the time from onset of stimulus to the initiation of motor response. IT DOES NOT INCLUDE MOVEMENT
What effects decision making time?
Number of stimulus-response alternatives
Stimulus response compatibility
Practice
What involves both reaction time and movement time?
Response time
What is choice Reaction time?
the interval of time that elapses between the presentation of one of several possible stimuli and the beginning of one of several possible responses.
What is Hick’s law?
Hick’s law describes the stable relationship that exists between the number of stimulus-response alternatives and choice reaction time; specifically, as the lagarithm of the number of stimulus-response pairs increases, choice reaction time increases linearly.
What makes choice reaction time faster?
Repetition of the same stimulus, better S-R compatibility, practice
What is the degree to which the relationship between a stimulus and an associated response is natural?
Stimulus-response compatibility
What is spacial anticipation?
anticipating WHAT will happen
What is temporal anticipation?
anticipating WHEN a signal is going to happen
What does anticipation do to the response selection stage?
it cuts it out by cutting down on stimulus-response choices…can improve reaction time significantly.
What are the costs of anticipation?
Delays the speed of responding.
Costs more if incorrect movement is started.
When would increased anticipation be beneficial during sports?
Increased anticipation would be beneficial during training.
What is the physiological state of activation?
Arousal
What is the behavioral state of activation?
Anxiety
What is a STATE of anxiety?
The feeling of here and now
What is an anxiety trait?
The general tendency towards nervousness
How does arousal impact performance on the inverted U?
as arousal increases, performance increases, then decreases
What level of arousal is best for skills with high cognitive elements?
Low levels of arousal benefit skills with high cognitive elements (chess)
What is perceptual narrowing?
as arousal increases you focus on the most relevant stimuli in the environment
What is cue utilization?
when perception is narrowed to the point of missing important cues…significant in high and low arousal
Define parallel processing.
parallel processing is a type of information processing that allows people to handle two or more streams of information at the same time…usually occurs during the stimulus-identification stage
What is the Stroop effect?
Competition between the response to color word and the ink color in which it’s presented. Shows that two stimuli can be processed simultaneously, probably in the stimulus-identification stage.
What is controlled processing?
A type of information processing that is slow, sequential, attention demanding, and voluntary…most prevalent in early learning.
What is dual task interference?
When a complex primary task leads to poor secondary performance and low performance for both
What is automaticity?
controlled process that may eventually become automatic. reduces attention and can cause errors
Do controlled skills have increased or decreased reaction time delay?
increased delay
Do automatic skills have increased or decreased RT delay?
decreased
What is the difference between serial and parallel processing?
Serial is one thing at a time, parallel is multiple things
How much interference is generally present in early stages of IP?
Minimal interference due to parallel processing
In later stages of IP, how much interference is expected?
lots of interference due to serial processing.
What is the Psychological Refractory Period?
PRP is a delay in the person’s reaction time to the second of two closely spaced stimuli compared with the person’s reaction time to the second stimulus alone.
What is the short term sensory store?
The most peripheral memory system, which holds incoming information by modality until the person identifies it…almost unlimited capacity, but short term. Involves LITERAL coding.
How long does information remain in short-term sensory store?
decays within 250msec…low level of info processing
What is short-term memory?
The memory system that allows people to retrieve, rehearse, process, and transfer info from STSS…limited capacity, brief duration. ABSTRACT, MEDIUM VOLUME
What is the capacity for short term memory?
7 bits, +/- 2 bits
What is the delay in a person’s reaction to the second of two closely spaced stimuli?
PRP
What is the capacity of a person to predict what is going to happen in a performance situation?
Spacial anticipation
What is the degree to which the relationship between a stimulus and its required response is natural?
S-R compatibility
What is the interval between a warning signal and an unanticipated stimulus?
foreperiod
What is the capacity of a person to predict when an event is going to happen?
Temporal anticipation
The task of a defender during a three-on-one fast break in basketball?
choice RT
What is illustrated by the fact that a warning signal at a railroad crossing usually prompts drivers to apply their brakes?
Consistent S-R mapping
