Chap 7 - Preparing the learning experience

Question 1

Define motor learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent changes associated with practice or experience, in internal processes that determine a person’s capability for producing a motor skill

Question 2

What is performance?

Answer 2

• how an individual moves on any given day
• always observable
• temporary change or fluctuation

Question 3

What is learning?

Answer 3

• performance over time
• not directly observable
• relatively permanent changes
• stable over time
• indicates change in function

Question 4

What is an outcome goal?

Answer 4

target performance improvements that focus on the result of the activity

Question 5

Performance goals

Answer 5

focus on improving on a previous performance

Question 6

process goals

Answer 6

target the quality of movement and skill execution

Question 7

Target skills

Answer 7

• skills to be performed

Question 8

target behaviors

Answer 8

• actions needed to accomplish target skills

Question 9

target context

Answer 9

• environment in which the person will produce the target skill

Question 10

What is Locus of control?

Answer 10

• a person’s perception of who or what controls what happens to her or him
• internal vs external
• stable vs unstable

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

type of learning that transfers from practice to target context

Question 12

near transfer

Answer 12

type of learning that transfers from one task to another under very similar tasks or situations
- adapts target skill to meet the demands of another situation

Question 13

far transfer

Answer 13

from one task to another VERY DIFFERENT

Question 14

Achievement motivation

Answer 14

effort used to reach a goal for mastery - must see personal relevance

Question 15

past experience

Answer 15

tasks that share many similar elements are expected to transfer to a greater extent than those that don’t

Question 16

perceptual elements

Answer 16

task related stimuli that people interpret for successful performance

Question 17

conceptual elements

Answer 17

similar strategies, rules critical to performance

Question 18

specificity of learning

Answer 18

the more similar the movement components and environment to the target skill, the better the learning experience

Question 19

What are the three stages of learning?

Answer 19

1. verbal-cognitive
2. motor
3. autonomous

Question 20

Characteristics of verbal-cognitive stage

Answer 20

• lots of talk time
• lots of thinking time
• self-talk
• verbal guidance
• large, rapid gains

Question 21

Characteristics of the motor stage

Answer 21

• solved cognitive problem
• refining skill
• more effective movement
• more consistency
• strategies
• need precise feedback

Question 22

Characteristics of autonomous stage

Answer 22

• some people never get there
• little or no attention needed
• longer motor programs established
• higher-order cognition

Question 23

What are the 3 stages of Fitts and Posner

Answer 23

1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous

Question 24

Stage 1 of F&P

Answer 24

Cognitive

• understanding nature of task
• developing strategies
• eval of success
• HIGH cognition
• Attention

Question 25

Stage 2 of F&P

Answer 25

Associative - refines optimal strategy - variability declines - can last a while

Question 26

Stage 3 of F&P

Answer 26

Autonomous - Attention is free for other aspects - too much attention to an autonomous skill can decline the skill

Question 27

Gentile 2 stage

Answer 27

1. getting idea of movement - understanding dynamics - goals - sensory 2. Fixation / Diversification Fixation - decreased variability - consistent performance Diversification - increased variability - adaptable to changes

Question 28

3 stages of GMP formation

Answer 28

1. Early - movement controlled by individual MP 2. Middle - behaviors grouped/controlled together 3. Late - single GMP controls movement

Question 29

What are outcome measures for skills assessment?

Answer 29

performance observations that indicate some aspect of the result as it relates to time, distance, frequency, and accuracy

Question 30

Process measures

Answer 30

indicate something about the quality of movement

Question 31

Constant error

Answer 31

measure of person's deviation from a target with respect to amount and direction

Question 32

Variable error

Answer 32

inconsistency of results of several movements with respect to the average constant error of the movement