Physiology of Infection

Question 1

Forgotten factors increasing susceptibility

Answer 1

Deficiencies
High alcohol consumption

IFN gamma deficient
TNF alpha genes

Question 2

Factors affecting severity

Answer 2

Inflammation
Coagulopathy
Organ damage

Question 3

LPS constituents

Answer 3

Lipid A
Saccharide middle
O antigen polysaccharide

Question 4

Virulence factors

Answer 4

Biofilm
Toxins
Superantigens
Panton Valentine leucocidin

Question 5

Vector req virus

Answer 5

Rabies

Question 6

Epithelial colonisation forgotten means

Answer 6

Pili + fimbriae
Binding of human receptors 
Cell internalisation 
Cell penetration
Desmosome cleavage (scalded skin)

Question 7

Superantigen effects

Answer 7

Hyperactivates T cells via MHCII linking
Excess inflammatory mediators + TNFa
Diverts Th1 response

Question 8

Define sepsis

Answer 8

Life-threatening organ dysfunction secondary to infection

Question 9

Sepsis management

Answer 9

ITU 
Debridement
IgG transfusion
Antitoxins
Blood
Fluid
Antibiotics
Inotropes

Question 10

Key Strep A organism

Answer 10

S pyogenes

SpyCEP cleaves IL8

Question 11

Sepsis pathogenesis

Answer 11

Inflammation 
Endothelial dysfunction 
Mitochondrial problems 
Clots 
Organ failure

Question 12

Forgotten innate immune system

Answer 12

Microbiome competition

CRP

Question 13

NK cells stimulation

Answer 13

IL12+15
Inhibited by ITIM
Activated by Syk

Question 14

Opsonisation

Answer 14

Requires complement + antibody

Question 15

Key cytokines

Answer 15

Inflammatory: TNFalpha, IL1

Regulatory: TNF gamma, IL12

Down regulatory: IL10, TGF

Question 16

Recall complement pathways

Answer 16

Alternative - pathogen
Classical - Ab
Lectin - MBL

Question 17

Forgotten neutrophil armoury

Answer 17

Elastase, cathelicidins

Question 18

Th1, 2, 17

Answer 18

Th1 = macrophage activation

Th2 = basophil

Th17 = neutrophil

Question 19

Secreted effectors

Answer 19

Mucin
Lactoferrin
Defensins
Lysozyme

Question 20

Complement for what type

Answer 20

Gram negative mainly, phagocytosis for positive

Question 21

C. difficile

Answer 21

Toxin A, B
Endospores
Gram positive

Pseudomembranous colitis; perforation

Metronidazole

Question 22

S aureus

Answer 22

Inhibits complement + neutrophils 
Uses PV leucocidin
Superantigens 
Biofilm - végétations
TSST1

Gram positive, catalase positive clusters

Rifampicin

Question 23

S pneumoniae

Answer 23

Pneumolysin, autolysin
Capsule
Spores

Gram positive, catalase negative chains

Clindamycin