Physiology of Bones, Muslces, and Tendons

Question 1

What are the five types of bones?

Answer 1

1. Sesamoid
2. Flat
3. Long
4. Short
5. Irregular

Question 2

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 2

Patella

Question 3

Give an example of a flat bone

Answer 3

Skullcap

Question 4

Give an example of a long bone

Answer 4

Femur

Question 5

Give an example of a short bone

Answer 5

Calcaneus

Question 6

Give an example of an Irregular bone

Answer 6

Vertebrae

Question 7

What is Yellow Bone Marrow?

Answer 7

It is involved in the storage of fats, also contains stem cells which can develop into bone, fat, or muscle cells.

Yellow marrow gradually replaces red marrow as you age

Question 8

What is Red Bone Marrow?

Answer 8

Involved in hematopoesis (production of blood cells) and is found in the spongy bone.

Contains stem cells which stimulate hematopoesis

Question 9

What is Spongy bone?

Answer 9

It is a type of bone characterised by a a lattice like matrix network called trabeculae, giving it a porous/spongy appearance. Is is usually found at the end of long bones (epiphysis).

It is highly vascularised and contains red bone marrow

Question 10

What is Compact bone?

Answer 10

type of bone made up of Osteons - matrix tubes called lamellae. Blood vessels run through haversian canals.

Question 11

What are Haversian Canals?

Answer 11

Tubes within the osteons that blood vessels run through in the compact bone.

Question 12

What is the Periosteum?

Answer 12

Hard double layer membrane made up of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Question 13

What are Osteoblasts?

Answer 13

Cells that synthesize bone tissue

Question 14

What are Osteoclasts?

Answer 14

Cells that break down bone tissue

Question 15

What is the Diaphysis?

Answer 15

The central shaft to a long bone, lying between the Epiphysis

Outer walls of the Diaphysis are composed of Compact bone

Question 16

What is the Medullary Cavity?

Answer 16

A cavity within long bones, filled with yellow bone marrow

Question 17

What is the Epiphysis?

Answer 17

The bone ends of a Long bone

They contain spongy bone surrounded by compact bone

Question 18

What is the Epiphysial Line?

Answer 18

A disc of Hyaline cartilage through the Epiphysis

Question 19

What are properties of Skeletal Muscle?

Answer 19

1. Striated - under a microscope it appears striped
2. Voluntary Movement - contracts and relaxes by conscious controlled body movements
3. Attachment - attached to bone, sometimes other muscles and tissue
4. Form - shape and structure are influenced by function
5. Contraction - to produce movement not all fibres are activated, the greater the effort required, the more fibres will become activated.

Question 20

What is Epimysium?

Answer 20

Connective tissue that surrounds fibres in Sketal Muscle

Question 21

What is a Fascicle?

Answer 21

A bundle of Muscle fibres

Question 22

What is Myofibril?

Answer 22

The contractile element of Skeletal Muscle

Made up of small fibres called Sarcomeres

Question 23

What are characteristics of Concentric contraction?

Answer 23

1. Muscle Shortening
2. Acceleration
3. Lower force generated

Question 24

What are characteristics of Eccentric contraction?

Answer 24

1. Muscle lengthening
2. deceleration
3. high force generated

Question 25

What are characteristics of Isometric contraction?

Answer 25

1. Muscle remains same length

2. No Movement Occurs

Question 26

What are Tendons, and some of their properties?

Answer 26

1. Tough white fibrous chords
2. Resilient to extension, but flexible so can angulate around bones and other surfaces
3. Stronger than muscles
4. Poor blood supply, therefore slow to heal

Question 27

What fibre mainly makes up Tendons?

Answer 27

Collagen

Question 28

What is a Fossa?

Answer 28

A depression in a bone

Question 29

What is an epicondyle?

Answer 29

A projection above an articulating surface of bone

Question 30

What is a sulcus?

Answer 30

A groove/fissure or depression between parts