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Rolf > Biomechanics Knee > Flashcards

Biomechanics Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Modified ginglymus joint (Hinge joint)

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2
Q

What bones are involved in the knee?

A

Femer, Tibia, and Patella

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3
Q

How many joints are involved at the knee

A

2
Tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral

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4
Q

What is the Q-angle?

A

(Alignement at the patellofemoral joint)

ASIS to midpoint of the patella and a line to the tibial tuberosity

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5
Q

What does a smaller Q-angle do?

A

May increase medial knee pressure

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6
Q

What does a larger Q-angle do?

A

May increase lateral knee pressure

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7
Q

What’s a normal Q-angle?

A

185-190 degrees

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8
Q

What is Genu Valgum?

A

Knees coming in.

Normally 5-10 degrees

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9
Q

What is excessive genu valgum?

A

190 degrees

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10
Q

What side of the knee can genu valgum increase compression?

A

Lateral Side

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11
Q

Whats genu varum?

A

(Bow legged)

Knee angle less than 170 degrees

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12
Q

What side of the knee has an increased compression force in genu varum?

A

Medial side

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13
Q

What is genu recurvatum?

A

Extension beyond 10 degrees from neutral

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14
Q

What are some functions of the tibiofibular joint?

A

Dissipation of torsional stresses applied at the ankle
dissipation of lateral tibial bending movements
tensile weight bearing

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15
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Double condyloid synovial joint

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16
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the tibiofemoral joint have?

A

3

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17
Q

What causes lateral tracking of the patella?

A

increased forces of ITB
Bowstringing
Lateral patellar retinacular fibers

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18
Q

What causes medial tracking of the patella?

A

VMO
Raised lateral facet
Medial patellar retinacular fibers

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19
Q

What would an external force on the knee create and what effects will it have on the knee and patella tracking?

A

(Valgus force)
ER of femur
IR of tibia
Create increased tension at QT and PT, increase bowstringing
Will increase the lateral displacement of patella

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20
Q

Where does the ACL run?

A

Anterior tibia to posterior, lateral femoral condyle

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21
Q

What’s the ACL’s function?

A

Most effective in extension
resists excessive tibial anterior slide/translation
resists excessive femoral posterior slide/translation
resists excessive axial rotation, varus and valgus forces

22
Q

What can cause injuries to the ACL?

A

Large valgus force with foot planted
Large axial rotation force applied while foot is planted
Combination of the two
Severe hyperextension

23
Q

Where does the PCL run?

A

Posterior tibia and runs in a proximal, medial, and anterior direction attaching the medial femoral condyle

24
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Most effective in flexion
resists excessive tibial posterior slide/translation
resists excessive femoral anterior slide/translation
resists excessive axial rotation, varus and valgus forces

25
Q

What causes injuries to the PCL

A

Falling on fully flexed knee w/ proximal tibia striking first
Force posterior translation of tibia
Worse with increasing flexion
Rotation, varus, and/or valgus force applied with foot planted
severe hyperextension with gapping to posterior side

26
Q

Where does the MCL run?

A

Attach proximally to the medial femoral epicondyle and distally at the shaft of the tibia and tibial condyle

27
Q

Which portion of the MCL attaches to the medial meniscus?

A

Deep portion

28
Q

What is the function of the MCL?

A

Resist valgus force
resist knee extension
reinforce medial capsule
prevents ER of the leg (with knee extended)

29
Q

How do you injure the MCL?

A

Valgus producing forces with foot planted

Severe hyperextension

30
Q

Where does the LCL run?

A

lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula

31
Q

What is the function of the LCL?

A 
resist varus forces
resists knee extension
prevent ER of the leg (with the knee extended)
reinforce lateral capsule
reinforce posterior-lateral capsule
32
Q

How do you injure the LCL?

A

varus producing force with foot planted

severe hyperextension

33
Q

How is the anterior portion of the knee capsule reinforced?

A

Connective tissue:Patellar tendon
Patellar retinacular fibers
Muscular-Tendinous: Quadriceps

34
Q

How is the lateral portion of the knee capsule reinforced?

A

Connective tissue
LCL, lateral retinaculum, IT band
Muscular-tendinous
Biceps femoris, popliteus, gastrocnemius

35
Q

How is the posterior portion of the knee capsule reinforced?

A

Connective tissue
Oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate complex
Muscular-tendious
gastrocnemius, hamstrings

36
Q

How is the posterior-lateral portion of the knee capsule reinforced?

A

Connective tissue
Arcuate complex, LCL
Muscular-tendinous
popliteus

37
Q

How is the medial portion of the knee capsule reinforced?

A

Connective tissue
retinaculum, MCL, posterior-medial capsule, posterior oblique
Muscular-tendinous
pes anserine

38
Q

What are the meniscus?

A

Fibrocartilaginous discs

located directly between the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau

39
Q

What’s the function of the meniscus?

A

deepen surface of the tibia
makes a concavity atop the tibial plateau
shock absorbers

40
Q

Which meniscus is bigger?

A

Medial

Medial tibial plateau is bigger

41
Q

What attaches to the medial meniscus?

A

MCL

Semimembranosis (posteriorly)

42
Q

Which meniscus has more mobility?

A

Lateral meniscus

43
Q

What attaches to the lateral meniscus?

A

Popliteus (posteriorly)

44
Q

Which meniscus abosorbs more stress?

A

Lateral 70% of load

45
Q

Which way does the menisci move during knee extension/flexion?

A

Extension: Moves anteriorly with the tibia
Flexion: Menisci moves posteriorly with the tibia

46
Q

What causes meniscal injury?

A

Axial rotation, valgus force most common mechanisms
50% of ACL tears involve meniscus
Correlates with early onset osteoarthritis

47
Q

Where’s the infrapatellar fat pad and what does it do?

A

Between the patellar tendon and the tibia
Very sensitive
helps reduce friction in the knee

48
Q

Name the knee extensors

A

Quadriceps

Articularis genu

49
Q

Name the knee flexors

A 
Hamstrings
Sartorius
Gracilis
Popliteus
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
50
Q

What makes up the pez anserine?

A

Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosis

51
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A

Extreme shortened muscle results in decreased motor recruitment (hip is extended, and knee is fully flexed, hamstring is shortened)

52
Q

What is Passive insufficiency?

A

Tightened/lengthened muscle causes decreased muscle contraction (Hip is flexed, knee is extended, Hamstring fully lengthened)

Rolf (45 decks)

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