Physiology/Misc

Question 1

Magnocellular ganglion cells

Answer 1

Synapse with Y cells
Layer 1 + 2 in LGN
Linked with rod receptors
Terminates primarily in layer 4Cα of V1

Question 2

Parvocellular ganglion cells

Answer 2

Synapse with X cells
Layers 3-6 in LGN
Terminates primarily in layers 4Cβ and 4A in V1

Question 3

LGN receiving input from ipsilateral eye?

Answer 3

2,3,5

Question 4

Stripe of gennari

Answer 4

layer 4 striate cortex

Question 5

Striate cortex: Layer 2 + 3

Answer 5

secondary visual cortex in area 18/19

Question 6

striate cortex: layer 5

Answer 6

Relayes to superior colliculus

Question 7

Striate cortex: layer 6

Answer 7

goes to LGN

Question 8

G protein receptors

Answer 8

Muscarinic Ach receptor
Adrenoreceptors
Opiate receptors

Question 9

OsmolaLity

Answer 9

Per kg of solvent

Question 10

OsmolaRity

Answer 10

Per litre of solution

Question 11

Which route for aquous outflow is independent from IOP?

Answer 11

uveoscleral

10% of outflow

Question 12

Which optic radiation carries information from inferior field?

Answer 12

Parietal

Superior retina

Question 13

Phase 0 drug trial

Answer 13

microdosing

Healthy volunteers <20

Question 14

Phase 1 drug trial

Answer 14

Assess principally safety and side effects,
but also tolerability, pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics

Question 15

Phase 2 drug trial

Answer 15

Phase IIA: establish dosing

Phase IIB: establish efficacy

Question 16

Phase 3 drug trial

Answer 16

Determine effectiveness, in particular
effectiveness vs current gold standard; usually
randomised clinical trials

Question 17

Phase 4 drug trial

Answer 17

Postmarketing surveillance to detect side effects;
further studies continue to assess effectiveness
(e.g. in different populations)

Question 18

CSF turnover

Answer 18

550mls per day

total volume CSF: 150mls

Question 19

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 19

a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase t

Question 20

earliest loss of visual field in chronic papilloedema?

Answer 20

inferior nasal quadrant

Question 21

What do Th1 cells secrete?

Answer 21

IFN gamma
IL-2
—> macrophage, NK, B cell activation

Question 22

What do Th2 cells secrete?

Answer 22

IL-3,4,5,6

–> eosinophil and mast cell activation

Question 23

HLA B44

Answer 23

Retinal vasculitis

Question 24

HLA DR4

Answer 24

Juvenile RA
VKH syndrome
sympathetic ophthalmia

Question 25

HLA DR 15, DR2

Answer 25

MS

Question 26

ThromBOXane

Answer 26

Vasoconstriction
Aggregation of platelets
Bronchoconstriction
Memory aid: think of a Boxer ‘constricting’ his opponent

Question 27

Leukotrines

Answer 27

Leukotriene B4
Neutrophil aggregation
Chemotaxis
Stimulation of phospholipase A2
Leukotriene D4
Smooth muscle contraction
Bronchoconstriction
Vasoconstriction

Question 28

Prostaglandins

Answer 28

Prostaglandin I2
Vasodilation, reduces platelet adhesion
Prostaglandin F2alpha
Contraction of smooth muscle
Prostaglandin E2
Vasodilation
Bronchodilation
Stimulates pyrexia
Release of steroids from adrenal cortex
Insulin release from pancreas
Activation of macrophages

Question 29

Light reaction

Answer 29

all cis retinAL to all trans retiOL

Question 30

Adr and NA

Answer 30

• produced by the adrenal medulla. They are secreted in response to stress.
• Adrenaline causes vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles but noradrenaline has little such effect;
• Both adrenaline and noradrenaline can increase the peripheral resistance of the arteriolar blood vessels systemically.

Question 31

Uveoscleral flow rate

Answer 31

0.3 μL/min

Question 32

Where is the highest resistance to flow in the TM?

Answer 32

Outermost, juxtacannalicular cells

Question 33

Most error prone phase in meiosis?

Answer 33

Anaphase I

Question 34

Where is translation always begins

Answer 34

methionine

Question 35

Ciliary body and aqueous

Answer 35

Contraction of the ciliary body increases aqueous flow by the action of the anterior fibres on the scleral spur, which moves inward and posteriorly, thereby opening up the neighbouring trabecular meshwork.