Physiology/Misc Flashcards
Magnocellular ganglion cells
Synapse with Y cells
Layer 1 + 2 in LGN
Linked with rod receptors
Terminates primarily in layer 4Cα of V1
Parvocellular ganglion cells
Synapse with X cells
Layers 3-6 in LGN
Terminates primarily in layers 4Cβ and 4A in V1
LGN receiving input from ipsilateral eye?
2,3,5
Stripe of gennari
layer 4 striate cortex
Striate cortex: Layer 2 + 3
secondary visual cortex in area 18/19
striate cortex: layer 5
Relayes to superior colliculus
Striate cortex: layer 6
goes to LGN
G protein receptors
Muscarinic Ach receptor
Adrenoreceptors
Opiate receptors
OsmolaLity
Per kg of solvent
OsmolaRity
Per litre of solution
Which route for aquous outflow is independent from IOP?
uveoscleral
10% of outflow
Which optic radiation carries information from inferior field?
Parietal
Superior retina
Phase 0 drug trial
microdosing
Healthy volunteers <20
Phase 1 drug trial
Assess principally safety and side effects,
but also tolerability, pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics
Phase 2 drug trial
Phase IIA: establish dosing
Phase IIB: establish efficacy
Phase 3 drug trial
Determine effectiveness, in particular
effectiveness vs current gold standard; usually
randomised clinical trials
Phase 4 drug trial
Postmarketing surveillance to detect side effects;
further studies continue to assess effectiveness
(e.g. in different populations)
CSF turnover
550mls per day
total volume CSF: 150mls
Reverse transcriptase
a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase t
earliest loss of visual field in chronic papilloedema?
inferior nasal quadrant
What do Th1 cells secrete?
IFN gamma
IL-2
—> macrophage, NK, B cell activation
What do Th2 cells secrete?
IL-3,4,5,6
–> eosinophil and mast cell activation
HLA B44
Retinal vasculitis
HLA DR4
Juvenile RA
VKH syndrome
sympathetic ophthalmia
HLA DR 15, DR2
MS
ThromBOXane
Vasoconstriction
Aggregation of platelets
Bronchoconstriction
Memory aid: think of a Boxer ‘constricting’ his opponent
Leukotrines
Leukotriene B4 Neutrophil aggregation Chemotaxis Stimulation of phospholipase A2 Leukotriene D4 Smooth muscle contraction Bronchoconstriction Vasoconstriction
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandin I2 Vasodilation, reduces platelet adhesion Prostaglandin F2alpha Contraction of smooth muscle Prostaglandin E2 Vasodilation Bronchodilation Stimulates pyrexia Release of steroids from adrenal cortex Insulin release from pancreas Activation of macrophages
Light reaction
all cis retinAL to all trans retiOL
Adr and NA
- produced by the adrenal medulla. They are secreted in response to stress.
- Adrenaline causes vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles but noradrenaline has little such effect;
- Both adrenaline and noradrenaline can increase the peripheral resistance of the arteriolar blood vessels systemically.
Uveoscleral flow rate
0.3 μL/min
Where is the highest resistance to flow in the TM?
Outermost, juxtacannalicular cells
Most error prone phase in meiosis?
Anaphase I
Where is translation always begins
methionine
Ciliary body and aqueous
Contraction of the ciliary body increases aqueous flow by the action of the anterior fibres on the scleral spur, which moves inward and posteriorly, thereby opening up the neighbouring trabecular meshwork.
