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Pathology > Images/Investigations > Flashcards

Images/Investigations Flashcards

1
Q

What frequency does US?

A

10MHz

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2
Q

Depth of anterior chamber

A

3.1mm

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3
Q

Where is the standard reference plane taken in Heidelberg retinal topography (HRT) of the optic disc?

A

50 um below the optic nerve head boundary line at the temporal disc edge along the horizontal midline
it corresponds to the centre of the papillomacular bundle of the RNFL.

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4
Q

ERG - Increased a wave

A

alibinism

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5
Q

ERG - Reduced b wave

A

CRAO, congenital stationary night blindness

Retinoschisis

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6
Q

ERG - no response

A

Batten’s disease, Leber’s congenital amaurosis

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7
Q

Pattern ERG

A

detects local MACULAR disease
N35
P50 - macular PRs
N95 - ganglion cell layer

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8
Q

Best vietlliform ERG and EOG

A

ERG normal

EOG reduced, diminished arden ratio

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9
Q

Pattern VEP

A

V1 of cortex

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10
Q

Flash VEP

A

V2 of cortex

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11
Q

VEP in ambylopia

A

pattern abnormal

Flash normal

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12
Q

Background and maximal illumination in Humphrey’s

A

31.5apostolib
Maximal - 10,000 apostolib
0 means needed maximal illuminance in order to see the point

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13
Q

Corneal refelx displacement

A

Reflex displaced to:
pupil edge = 2 mm = 15 degrees = 30 PD
midway from pupil to limbus = 4mm = 30 degrees = 60PD
limbus = 6mm = 45 degrees = 90PD

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14
Q

Wegeners

A

c-ANCA

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15
Q

During which phase of the fluorescein angiogram does a cilioretinal artery fill

A

Choroidal

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16
Q

dacryoscintigraphy

A

FUNCTIONAL information

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17
Q

Gold standard for fundus autofluoresence?

A

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

18
Q

Biometry <22mm

A

Haigis, Hoffer Q

19
Q

Biometry 22-26mm

A

SRK/T, Barrett

20
Q

Biometry >26mm

A

Haigis, SRK/T

21
Q

What difference in biometry in eyes do we need to re-check?

A

> 0.3mm

22
Q

What do the roman numerals in goldmann VF mean?

A

Roman numerals( I-V) indicate the size of the target. With every drop in number the diameter halves. V is the largest.

23
Q

What do the numbers in goldmann VF mean?

A

Number (1-4) indicates the brightness of the stimulus. The larger the number, the brighter the target. Each consecutive drop represents a 5db change
On the Goldmann perimeter, the test objects can be varied in both size and intensity by using different filters.

Size: of the test object is represented by the Roman numeral (I-V). Each increment of the Roman numeral doubles the radius (and quadruples the area) of the test object.

Light intensity: can be altered using different neutral density filters. Filters 1-4 are in increments of 5 dB each. Filters a-e are in increments of 1 dB each.

Thus, the III4e test object will have twice the radius and four times the area of the II4e test object, with the same light intensity.

24
Q

Amsler grid - large square size?

A

10cm

25
Q

B scan

A

Dense tissues are brighter - hyperechogenic
Higher gain settings allow weak signals to be visualized ( small foreign body, posterior vitreous detachment, vitreous opacity)
High frequency ultrasound produces image with better resolution, but poorer penetration

Four quadrants of the eye are typically denominated with the following nomenclature based on clock hours 1) T12 ( superior quadrant) 2) T9 ( lateral quadrant) 3) T3 ( nasal quadrant) 4) T6 ( inferior quadrant)

26
Q

OCT

A

Time Domain - quicker, mirror moves

Fourier Domain - higher resolution, mirror fixed

27
Q

Cystoid macula edema

A

caused by muller cell necrosis, and cystic fluid spaces

ONL

28
Q

Retinal laser treatment

A

Hyper-reflectivity in ONL

29
Q

Microaneurysms

A

occur in the IPL/INL

30
Q

Hard Exudates

A

ONL/OPL

31
Q

LA 30Hz ERG

A

look at 30Hz flicker
if delay: general cone problem
if no delay but reduce amplitude: Focal cone problem

32
Q

Selective laser trabectulectomy complications

A 
Transient rise in IOP: Most evident one hour postoperatively
Anterior uveitis
Hyphaema
Cornea complications
Oedema
Reactivation of HSV
33
Q

Anterior chamber depth

A

Average depth 3.11mm

Volume 220 μl

34
Q

posterior chamber depth

A

Average depth 0.52mm

Volume 60 μl

35
Q

Vitreous cavity depth

A

Average depth 16.5mm

Volume 5.5 ml

36
Q

Abnormalities in ERG

A

Vit A deficiency

Ushers syndrome

37
Q

mfERG

A

Regional loss of retina

38
Q

EOG + BEST disease

A

In cases of maculopathy with marked FAF changes

If flash ERG is normal but the EOG light-rise reduced, think bestrophinopathy ~ BEST 1 mutation

39
Q

CI ICG and FFA

A

both CI if pregnant
breastfeeding in FFA
Seafood in ICG

40
Q

Haigis

A

Additionally uses AC depth

Pathology (8 decks)

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