Physiology lecture 1

Question 1

Eicosanoids synthesis

Answer 1

Autocrine signaling, involved in pain and fever. Two pathways: cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase dependent.

Question 2

Synaptic signaling

Answer 2

Ion-channel-linked receptor: contact with ligand opens up the channel

Question 3

G-protein-linked receptor

Answer 3

G-proteins on the inside, receptor works with activated g-protein which travels to other protein: starts signal cascade

Question 4

Enzyme-linked receptor

Answer 4

change on inside when bound to ligand–> cascade of receptors

Question 5

cAMP

Answer 5

activates A-kinase, which activates glycolisis

Question 6

ER

Answer 6

Makes proteins

Question 7

Mitochondrium

Answer 7

makes energy

Question 8

C-kinase activation

Answer 8

results in gene transcription

Question 9

Epithelium

Answer 9

passes all glands in the human body, has function in transport and hormone secretion

Question 10

Cadherin

Answer 10

cell adhesion molecule: cell-cell adhesion (desmosomes (connect to actin filaments), adherens juctions (connect to intermediate filaments). form kind of zippers, can separate different types of cells –> organizing tissues during formation

Question 11

Selectins

Answer 11

cell adhesion molecule: temporary cell-cell connection (white blood cells, endothelial cells). adhesion of leukocytes during inflammantory process (catching white blood cells and start rolling)

Question 12

integrins

Answer 12

cell adhesion molecule: cell-matrix adhesion (hemidesmosomes), consisting of alpha and beta, (for example: strong adhesion of leukocytes and pulling out of the arterioles)

Question 13

immunoglobulin

Answer 13

cell adhesion molecules: cell-cell connectionss

Question 14

Tight junction

Answer 14

occluding junction, seals the gap (zonula occludens, use cadherins to connect cells and conects to actin filaments)

Question 14

adherens junction

Answer 14

cell-cell connection, connects actin filaments

Question 15

desmosomes

Answer 15

cell-cell connection, connects intermediate filaments (same as macula adherens)

Question 16

Gap junctions

Answer 16

channel forming junctions, allows passage of small water soluble molecules

Question 17

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 17

cell-matrix connection, anchors intermediate filaments to eachother

Question 18

Paracellular transport

Answer 18

capillaries are leakinh fluids and small molecules trough tight junctions

Question 19

Communication connection

Answer 19

communication between cells, Synapses and nexus connections (small gates in membranes)

Question 20

Lamina basalis

Answer 20

extracellular, border between connective tissue and other tissue types

Question 21

Single layered epithelia

Answer 21

important for communication

Question 22

multi-layered epithelia

Answer 22

improtant for protection and forming barriers

Question 23

Transport through epithelia

Answer 23

apical (outside) and basolateral (inside) side, transcellular (through the cells) is used most often (otherwise paracellular transport through tight junctions)

Question 24

exocrine glands

Answer 24

take up singnaling molecules from bloos vessels (sweat, saliva)

Question 25

endocrine glands

Answer 25

release signaling molecules into bloodvessels

Question 26

endothelial cells in liver

Answer 26

bloods connects to epical side so little basolaterala sides in liver, bile ducts: removal of secretion products (endothelium is epithelium in bloos vessels)

Question 27

merocrine secretion

Answer 27

small vesicles are released by the gland (pancreas)

Question 28

apocrine secretion

Answer 28

partial breakdown of the cells in the glands, that part in going into the lumen and will be broken down (milk gland)

Question 29

holocrine secretion

Answer 29

entire cell burst apart (talgklier)