Biomedical instrumentation

Question 1

Cornea

Answer 1

Hoornvlies, layer around the whole cell

Question 2

Myopia

Answer 2

Shortsighted, focal plane towards middle of eyeball, concave lens to cure it

Question 3

Myperopia

Answer 3

Farsightness, focal plane outside eyeball, convex (bol) lens to cure it

Question 4

Astagmatism

Answer 4

Eye has the form of a rugbyball, cylindrical glasses to cure it

Question 5

Presbyopia

Answer 5

Bad accomodation (changing of thickness cell), reading glasses needed

Question 6

Retina

Answer 6

Netvlies

Question 7

Rods

Answer 7

Very sensitive, coupled, detect contrast

Question 8

Cones

Answer 8

Detect details and colours, three different types: L (red), M (green), S (blue)

Question 9

Spatial resolution

Answer 9

The smallest resolution the eye can see in high contrast–> result of this test is calles the visual acuity

Question 10

Visual acuity

Answer 10

Result of testing the spatial resoluting with the formula: VA = d/D. d = testing distance, D = denominator of Snellen (only very high in the center of the retina)

Question 11

Spherical aberrations

Answer 11

Optical quality reduction due to large pupil size

Question 12

Chromatic aberration

Answer 12

White light entering the lens –> colours divided –> only one colour will be sharp at a time

Question 13

Eccentricity

Answer 13

Distance from the center of the retina to the peryphery

Question 14

Macular degeneration

Answer 14

Visual acuity is decreased due to blood inside the eye (mostly elderly)

Question 15

Optic atrophy

Answer 15

Optic nerve has died so no more signals toward the brain

Question 16

Threshold contrast

Answer 16

Lowest contrast that can be seen

Question 17

Contrast sensitivity

Answer 17

1/threshold contrast

Question 18

Perimetry

Answer 18

A test to measure the visual field (‘folow the finger’)

Question 19

Deutan

Answer 19

Colour blindness with abscence of green cone

Question 20

Protan

Answer 20

Colour blindness with abscence of red cone

Question 21

EPSP

Answer 21

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials, depolarisation after influx Na+

Question 22

IPSP

Answer 22

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential, hyperpolarisation by Cl-

Question 23

EEG

Answer 23

Electroencephalography, measures electrical potential difference over time, measures activity of areas, salt paste inproves contact with skin (measured on head)

Question 24

EEG artifacts

Answer 24

unwantes recorded activity due to biological (blinking eye) or technical (movement) reasons

Question 25

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 25

Pressure on the median nerve when carpal tunnel is too small --> tingling, weakness (aangeboren, hormonal, trauma)

Question 26

ENG

Answer 26

Electroneurography, test for carpal tunnel syndrome, nerves stimulated --> AP --> arrival at atter point along nerve is measured (muscle contraction) (velocity = distance/time)

Question 27

CAMP

Answer 27

Compound muscle action potential, many muscle fibers contract

Question 28

Latency

Answer 28

Time it takes between stimulus and reaction

Question 29

Amplitude in an ENG

Answer 29

Number of activated muscle fibers

Question 30

Axonal degeneration

Answer 30

Individual axons are lost --> CMAP amplitude lower

Question 31

Segmental demyelination

Answer 31

Myeline sheets are lost --> broader CMAP

Question 32

Conduction block

Answer 32

Signal stops

Question 33

DSL

Answer 33

Distal sensory latency, time between stimulation of the nerve and recording of the AP

Question 34

EMG

Answer 34

Elctromyography, electical activity due to muscle contraction, measured on skin or in muscle (needle), used to find diseases

Question 35

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 35

Demyelinating disease of the CNS by own immune system, first the optic nerve

Question 36

Evoked potential

Answer 36

Measuring electrical activity in certain areas, demonstrating abnormal sensory functions (but always background activity, so it's an avarage) activity can be tones (BAEP), shocks (SEP) or visual (VEP)

Question 37

VEP

Answer 37

Visual evoked potential, flashes

Question 38

Optic chiasm

Answer 38

Cross of medial optic nerves in central of the brain

Question 39

Left retina

Answer 39

Half field stimulation of the eyes (left) (left virtual cortex AP)

Question 40

Right eye full-fiels stimulation

Answer 40

One eye covered, other fully stimulated --> left and right cortex AP

Question 41

SSEP

Answer 41

Somatosensory evoked potential, electrical stimulation in wrist or ankle, electrone placed on clavicle (erb's point) and C7 vertebra, SSEP is used during surgery to monitor somatosensory system

Question 42

BAEP

Answer 42

Brainstem auditory evoked potential, very short clicks, detecting auditory diseases

Question 43

Fourier analysis

Answer 43

Describing a signal with a bunch of sinusoids with differen frequences

Question 44

Pinna

Answer 44

External part ear

Question 45

Cochlea

Answer 45

Slakkenhuis, basilar membrane vibrates (high frequencies at start, low at end), scala vestibula --> oval niche

Question 46

Middle ear

Answer 46

Air vibration --> mechanical vibration --> fluid vibration, bony ossicles (protects from pressure changes)

Question 47

Haircells

Answer 47

When basilar membran vibrates (inside cochlea) --> electro vibration (nerve impulse)

Question 48

Inner hair cells

Answer 48

Detecting sounds innervated by type 1 spiral ganglion neurons

Question 49

Outer hair cells

Answer 49

Deliver sound energy innervated by type 2 SGN, recieving infromation of the brainstem

Question 50

Interaural attenuation

Answer 50

Theshold of vibration of the skull with headphones (40 dB), should be as high as possible when you want to exclude one ear

Question 51

Otoacoustic emissions

Answer 51

Nearly inaudible sount that OHC echo back into the middle ear

Question 52

BERA

Answer 52

Brainstem evoked response audiometry, detects electical activity of inner ear

Question 53

ASSR

Answer 53

Same as BERA but the mid latency response is evaluated