Mammalian part 1

Question 1

Steric hindrance

Answer 1

Limiting conformation of proteins

Question 2

Kinase

Answer 2

adds phosphate to protein –> active

Question 3

Phosphatase

Answer 3

Removes phosphate from protein –> inactive

Question 4

Ubiquitin

Answer 4

Small molecule that marks cell for degradation

Question 5

Glycolysis

Answer 5

Anaerobic, produces ATP

Question 6

Oxidative respiration

Answer 6

Aerobic (anders verzuring) –> proton gradient

Question 7

Conversion of proton gradient

Answer 7

ADP –> ATP, uses energy from proton gradient, inner membrane mitochondria

Question 8

Catabolism

Answer 8

Degradation of food, aerobic and produces energy

Question 9

Anabolism

Answer 9

Formation of larger molecules (DNA, proteins etc), releases water and needs energy

Question 10

Histone

Answer 10

Markes what needs to be active in DNA, N-terminal tails

Question 11

Chromatin

Answer 11

DNA + histones wrapped around it for stucture and formation of chromosome

Question 12

Heterochromatin

Answer 12

Tightly packed DNA

Question 13

Euchromatin

Answer 13

Less compact DNA

Question 14

Gyrase

Answer 14

Unwinds DNA

Question 15

Helicase

Answer 15

Breaks hydrogen bonds, separates strands

Question 16

SBB

Answer 16

Stops re-annealing, keeps bases available

Question 17

DNA primase

Answer 17

Makes primer of RNA at origin

Question 18

DNA polymerase 3

Answer 18

Initiates at 3’ so 5’–>3’

Question 19

Exonuclease

Answer 19

removes RNA primer

Question 20

Polymerase 1

Answer 20

Fills gaps between okazaki-fragments

Question 21

DNA ligase

Answer 21

Seals gaps between okazaki-fragments

Question 22

TBP

Answer 22

Recognizes TATA, connected to TF2D

Question 23

TF2B

Answer 23

Possitions polymerase at the TATA

Question 24

TF2H

Answer 24

Opens DNA, detaches polymerase from factors

Question 25

Instrinct pathway apoptosis

Answer 25

• Internal signal to mitochondria
• Cytochromosome C released
• Apaf1 activated by Cytocrome C
• Caspase 9 activated
• Executiones caspase activated

Question 26

G1

Answer 26

Progress or enter G0, growth in size, if restriction point is passed –> replication

Question 27

S phase

Answer 27

DNA replication (and detection damage)

Question 28

G2 phase

Answer 28

Quality control, organelle synthesis, microtubule formation

Question 29

M phase

Answer 29

Mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 30

Prophase

Answer 30

Chromosomes formed and toward middle

Question 31

Metaphase

Answer 31

Chromosomes alligned and microtubules attached

Question 32

Anaphase

Answer 32

Chromatides pulles towards centrioles

Question 33

Telophase

Answer 33

Contractille ring starts to contract to make two different cells

Question 34

Cytokenesis

Answer 34

Separation of all cell components and making two seperate cells

Question 35

Cdks

Answer 35

Cyclin dependent protein kinases, activates or inactivates proteins during cell cycle

Question 36

Cyclins

Answer 36

Activates cyclins when bound, 4 classes (G1, G1/S, S, M)