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ZZZZKCU Comprehensive Exam Review Andy > Physiology I Exam 1 > Flashcards

Physiology I Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following would have to be a transmembrane protein?

A receptor protein
A protein binding to the cytoskeleton
A channel protein
A phosphorylase

A

A channel protein

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2
Q

Which of the following organelles is directly associated with the synthesis of proteins for secretion?

Mitochondrion
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleus
RER
SER
A

RER

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3
Q

Pits coated with which of the following are often associated with endocytosis?

Clathrin
COPI
COPII
Coatamers
Vinculin
A

Clathrin

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4
Q

Which of the following processes does not require the presence of mitochondria?

Oxidative Phosphorylation
Production of CO2 and water
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
Electron transfer between cytochromes
Utilization of oxygen as a final electron acceptor
A

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

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5
Q

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy other than kinetic energy?

Osmosis
Diffusion
Active Transport
Facilitated diffusion

A

Active Transport

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6
Q

Of the following ions, which is most concentrated in the extracellular environment?

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium

A

Sodium

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7
Q

The Sodium-Potassium Pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?

Diffusion
Primary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion

A

Primary Active Transport

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8
Q

The Sodium-Glucose Pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?

Diffusion
Primary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion

A

Secondary Active Transport

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9
Q

The Sodium-Calcium Pump is an example of which of the following kinds of transport?

Diffusion
Primary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion

A

Secondary Active Transport

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10
Q

Glucose transporters (GLUT Transporters) employ which of the following kinds of transport?

Diffusion
Primary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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11
Q

Which of the following mechanisms would most likely be used to move water from an extracellular environment across an epithelial cell layer into an extracellular environment on the opposite side of the epithelial cell layer?

Sodium channels and sodium ATPase pumps
Calcium channels and sodium ATPase pumps
Calcium channels and calcium ATPase pumps
Sodium channels and calcium ATPase pumps

A

Sodium channels and sodium ATPase pumps

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12
Q

The action potential for both a ventricular cardiomyocyte and a Purkinje fiber exhibit a plateau phase (phases 1 and 2). Conductance of which of the following ions is responsible for phase 0?

Calcium ions
Potassium ions
Sodium ions
Both sodium and calcium ions

A

Both sodium and calcium ions

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13
Q

Which of the following characteristics would be true of cardiac muscle cells but not skeletal muscle fibers?

Cells have the sarcomeric banded pattern
Cells utilize T-Tubules
Cells are mononucleated
Cells utilize ryanodine channels

A

Cells are mononucleated

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14
Q

The resting potential of -85 mV is characteristic of which of the following phases of the cardiac fast action potential?

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

A

Stage 4

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15
Q

The sodium-calcium exchanger in the sarcolemma of the cardiac muscle cell is an example of which of the following mechanisms?

Primary active transport involving an antiporter
Primary active transport involving a symporter
Secondary active transport involving a symporter
Secondary active transport involving an antiporter

A

Secondary active transport involving an antiporter

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16
Q

Left ventricular isovolumic contraction occurs immediately following which of the following events?

Closure of aortic valve
Opening of aortic valve
Closure of AV valve
Opening of AV valve

A

Closure of AV valve

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17
Q

Which of the following statements is true for the period of rapid ejection?

It occurs when the left ventricular pressure is above 80 mm Hg
The semilunar valves are closed during this phase
It occurs during the last two-thirds of ejection
It results in the ejection of about 90% of the total volume of blood

A

It occurs when the left ventricular pressure is above 80 mm Hg

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18
Q

Immediately prior the the ventricular isovolumic contraction, there is a slight but marked elevation in atrial pressure. Which of the following is responsible for this elevated pressure?

Closure of the AV valve
Opening of the AV valve
Atrial contraction
Diastasis
Opening of the semilunar valve
A

Atrial contraction

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19
Q

The Frank-Starling law is based on which of the following principles?

The greater the stretching of cardiac muscle, the greater the force of contraction
The more calcium returned to the SR, the greater the force of contraction
The amount of blood received by each tissue is directly related to the immediate needs of that tissue
The faster the heart rate, the more likely that the period of diastasis will be eliminated

A

The greater the stretching of cardiac muscle, the greater the force of contraction

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20
Q

Stroke volume output can be increased by which of the following mechanisms?

Decreasing EDV
Increasing EDV
Increasing ESV
By decreasing EDV and increasing ESV

A

Increasing EDV

21
Q

Excess potassium in the extracellular fluid would have which of the following effects on heart activity?

Heart will become dilated
Heart rate will increase
Heart will go toward spastic contraction
Heart action potential will increase

A

Heart will become dilated

22
Q

In a typical ECG, which of the following waves occurs at the beginning of the contraction of the atria?

T
R
S
P
Q
A

P

23
Q

If the end-diastolic volume is 110 mL and the end-systolic volume is 30 mL, the stroke volume is…?

140 mL
80 mL
70 mL
40 mL
10 mL
A

80 mL

24
Q

If the end-diastolic volume is 120 mL and the end-systolic volume is 50 mL, what is the approximate value of the ejection fraction?

42%
60%
214%
240%

A

60%

25
Q

Isovolumic contraction of the ventricles occurs:

At the beginning of systole
At the end of systole
At the beginning of diastole
After the opening of the semilunar valves

A

At the beginning of systole

26
Q

Neostigmine can be used to alleviate some of the effects of myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors. Which of the following best represents neostigmine’s effects?

Neostigmine initiates the opening of more sodium channels creating stronger end plate potentials.

Neostigmine binds to the antibodies and allows more acetylcholine receptors to participate in creating a stronger end plate potential.

Neostigmine inactivates acetylcholinesterase, allowing more acetylcholine molecules to bind to receptors and create stronger end plate potentials.

Neostigmine binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and initiates a stronger action potential

A

Neostigmine inactivates acetylcholinesterase, allowing more acetylcholine molecules to bind to receptors and create stronger end plate potentials.

27
Q

Which of the following are anchored to the presynaptic membrane and associated with synaptic vesicles to which they are tethered by short filaments?

Synaptic vessicles
Calcium channels
Dense bars
Dihydropyridine channels

A

Dihydropyridine channels

28
Q

In order for acetylcholine-gated ion channel to open, how many acetylcholine are necessary to attach its alpha subunits?

One
Two
Three
Four

A

Two

29
Q

Which of the following represents the first thing that happens after acetylcholine binds to the ligand-gated channels on the sarcolemma?

An action potential is created on the sarcolemma
Dihydropyridine channels allow entry of calcium ions
An end-plate potential is created on the muscle fiber
Ryanodingaling chanels allow calcium to escape into the myoplasm

A

An end-plate potential is created on the muscle fiber

30
Q

The vesicles for acetylcholine are transported to the axon terminal from where?

RER
SER
The axon terminal membrane
Golgi

A

Golgi

31
Q

Which of the following can be used to inactivate acetylcholinesterase?

Metacholine
Neostigmine
Physostigmine
Carbachol

A

Neostigmine

32
Q

Which of the following represents an example of an eccentric contraction?

The triceps muscle during the throwing of a ball
The triceps muscle which raising the body from the floor during a push-up
The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push-up
The biceps muscle while raising the body during a pull-up

A

The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push-up

33
Q

Ducks, geese and many other species of birds may make long migratory trips during which they fly for long periods of time. Which of the following characteristics would be expected of their flight muscles (pectoralis complex)?

Their flight muscle fibers would have relatively small number of mitochondria.

Their flight muscle fibers would have relatively small amount of myoglobin.

Their flight muscle fibers would have small concentrations of ATPase.

Their flight muscles would have more extensive SR.

A

Their flight muscle fibers would have small concentrations of ATPase.

34
Q

During skeletal muscle contraction, myosin heads go through repeated cycles in which they bind to actin, swivel to produce the power stroke, release from actin and recock to prepare for the next cycle. One ATP molecule is required for each of these cycles. Which of the following events occurs after ATP binds to the myosin?

The power stroke resulting in the sliding of the actin along the myosin molecule

Recocking of the myosin head

Release of the myosin head from the actin binding site

Binding of the myosin head to an active site on the actin

A

Release of the myosin head from the actin binding site

35
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a chain of sarcomeres?

Muscle
Myofiber
Myofibril
Myofilament

A

Myofibril

36
Q

Which of the following sarcomeric bands does not undergo a change in length during the contraction of a skeletal muscle?

A band
H band
I band
J band

A

A band

37
Q

Which of the following sarcomeric bands is composed entirely of actin filaments?

A band
H band
I band
J band

A

I band

38
Q

Dihydropyridine (DHP) channels are part of which of the following structures?

SR
Plasmalemma
T tubules
Z discs

A

T tubules

39
Q

Ryanodine-sensitive calcium ion release channels are part of which of the following structures?

SR
Plasmalemma
T Tubules
Z Discs

A

SR

40
Q

Which of the following events occurs first during the transmission of a signal from an alpha motor neuron to a skeletal muscle fiber?

End-plate depolarization (EPP)
Calcium ion influx into axon terminal
Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
Sarcolemma action potential

A

Calcium ion influx into axon terminal

41
Q

Which of the following represents the factor by which the concentration of calcium ion increases in the cytosol after release from the SR?

10
50
100
1,000

A

100

42
Q

Which of the following maintains an optimum calcium concentration gradient to facilitate return of calcium to SR?

Calsequestrin
SERCA
DHP
Ryanodine

A

Calsequestrin

43
Q

Fast twitch fibers have which of the following characteristics?

They are reddish in color compared to slow twitch fibers
They have more mitochondria than slow twitch fibers
They have more myoglobin than slow twitch fibers
They are more fatigable than slow twitch fibers

A

They are more fatigable than slow twitch fibers

44
Q

Which of the following represents an example of an eccentric contraction?

The triceps muscle during the throwing of a ball
The triceps muscle while raising the body from the floor during a push-up
The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push-up
The biceps muscle while raising the body during a pull-up

A

The triceps muscle while lowering the body to the floor during a push-up

45
Q

Which of the following types of neurons would transmit an action potential the fastest?

Small diameter, non-myelinated
Small diameter, myelinated
Large diameter, myelinated
Large diameter, non-myelinated

A

Large diameter, myelinated

46
Q

Saltatory conduction is characteristic of which part of a typical neuron?

Dendrite
Nerve cell body
Axon Hillock
Axon

A

Axon

47
Q

A selectivity filter with carbonyl oxygens is associated with which of the following kinds of ion channels?

Gated Sodium
Non-gated Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

A

Potassium

48
Q

The resting potential for a typical neuron, such as a motor neuron, is best represented by which of the following potentials?

74 mV
-74 mV
90 mV
-90 mV

A

-90 mV

ZZZZKCU Comprehensive Exam Review Andy (13 decks)

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