Histology Exam 2 Flashcards
A “slipped” or herniated disc results when pressure on the vertebral column causes a displacement of the nucleus pulposus in the center of the disc which leads to a bulge caused by this displaced pressure. The weakened part of the disc that bulges out is the annulus ring that surrounds the nucleus pulposus. Which of the following types of tissues makes up this annular ring?
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Woven Bone
Fibrocartilage
ID Tissuue Type: Fibrous Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Membranous Bone
Hyaline Cartilage
Which of the following terms does NOT refer to mature bone?
Lamellar
Spongy
Compact
Woven
Cancellous
Woven
Flow of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes depends on a system of passageways within the bone matrix itself. Which of the following are responsible for conducting these nutrients directly to the osteocytes embedded within the bone?
Haversian Canal
Volkmann Canals
Canaliculi
Capillaries
Canaliculi
In the attached photomicrograph, ID specific types of cells indicated by the arrow and the type of bone formation shown here.
Chondroblasts and endochondral bone formation Osteoclasts and endochondral bone formation Osteoclasts and intramembrane bone formation Osteoblasts and intramembrane bone formation
Osteoblasts and intramembrane bone formation
ID the fine lines indicated by the letter “A”
Bile canaliculi
Haversian Canaliculi
Elastic fibers
Collagen fibers
Haversian Canaliculi
In endochondral bone formation, deposition of bone matrix occurs on which of the following substrates? Fibrous connective tissue
Chondroitin sulfate in hyaline cartilage matrix
Calcified hyaline cartilage matrix
Woven Bone
Calcified hyaline cartilage matrix
During the development and growth of long bones, hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. Which of the following activities would be directly responsible for the increase in the length of the bone?
Destruction of chondrocytes by the invasion of the ossification front
Enlargement of chondrocytes in the hypertrophic zone
Proliferation of chondrocytes away from the ossification front
Generation of osteoblasts in the invasion zone
Proliferation of chondrocytes away from the ossification front
Which of the following is normally secreted by osteoblasts and binds to RANKL to prevent maturation of osteoclasts?
Calcitonin
Osteoprotegerin
Denosumab
Alpha-Gamma-Beta3
Integrin
Osteoprotegerin
Reabsorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts involves removal of both the organic and the inorganic component of the matrix. Which of the following is secreted by osteoclasts to degrade the organic matrix of bone?
Hydrogen and chloride ions
Osteopontin
Cathepsin K
Osteoprotegerin
Cathepsin K
Which of the following characteristics BEST characterizes the synovial membrane lining of a typical synovial joint cavity?
This membrane is highly vascularized and poorly innervated
This membrane is highly vascularized and richly innervated
This membrane is poorly vascularized and richly innervated
This membrane is poorly vascularized and poorly innervated
This membrane is highly vascularized and poorly innervated
The following photomicrograph shows a portion of an epiphyseal plate. The specific region of the growth plate indicated by the letter “B” represents which of the following growth plate zones?
Calcification zone
Proliferative Zone
Reserve Zone
Hypertrophic Zone
Hypertrophic Zone
Which of the following cell types have a biloped nucleus and specific granules containing major basic protein that disrupts parasite membranes?
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Of the circulating blood cell types, which of the following is an active amoeboid phagocyte, characterized by numerous small specific granules and larger less numerous azurophilic granules? Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophil Monocyte
Neutrophil
ID the type of cell shown in this slide Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil
Neutrophil
The large reddish blood cell shown in this photomicrograph represents which of the following kinds of cells? Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Prothrombin is the inactive form of thrombin. It is activated by which of the following factors when the factor comes into contact with collagen in the damaged vessel wall?
Factor V
Factor X
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Factor XII
The lamina cribosa is associated with which of the following layers of the eyeball?
Cornea
Sclera
Choroid
Inner Tunic
Sclera
The non-photosensitive area of the retina lies anterior to which of the following landmarks?
Limbus
Ciliary body
Canal of Schlemm
Ora Serrata
Ora Serrata
Cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and mueller cells form which of the following layers of the retina?
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Which of the following types of cells serve as interneurons that interconnect ganglion cells and bipolar cells?
Mueller cells
Amacrine cells
Brunner Cells
Horizontal Cells
Amacrine Cells
In the photomicrograph below, the arrow is pointing to which of the following structures?
Pigmented layer of the retina
Sensory layer of the retina
Choroid Sclera
Sensory layer of the retina
In blood clotting mechanisms, activation of the extrinsic pathway is initiated by formation of which of the following?
Thromboplastin
Factor X
Factor V
Calcium
Thromboplastin
A mother who has not received adequate prenatal care and who does not have current medical records delivers her first baby. The baby is tested and found to be Rh-negative. The mother’s blood is typed prior to delivery. Which of the following would be appropriate advice to for the new mother?
Whether the mother is Rh-negative or Rh-postiive, no further treatment is required with regard to Rh Antigen
In the hematopoietic lineage of the various granulocytes, which of the following immature cell types may be found in the circulation?
Myelocyte
Band Cell
Promyelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band cell
Erythropoietin directs the CFU-E to proliferate and to differentiate into proerythroblasts. Which of the following sites represents the source of erythropoietin?
Liver
Kidney
Bone Marrow
Spleen
Kidney
Which of the following hematopoietic growth factors may be administered to treat neutropenia following chemotherapy or radiation therapy?
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor
ID the specific type of blood cell marked with an asterisk in the photomicrograph below. Monocyte Lymphoblast Megakaryocyte Proerythroblast
Proerythroblast
This protein extends from the Z band of a sarcomere and serves as a template to regulate the length of an actin filament.
Titin
Z-Actin
Troponin
Nebulin
Plectin
Nebulin
In a skeletal muscle fiber, which of the following extends from one myofibril to another end and to the sarcolemma?
Desmin
Plectin
Alpha-Beta-Crystallin
Dystroglycan Complex
Desmin
In neuromuscular spindles intrafusal fibers within the neuromuscular spindles are supplied by which of the following fibers?
Alpha fibers
Gamma fibers
Delta Fibers
Beta Fibers
None of the above
Gamma fibers
Cardiac muscle cells are characterized by the presence of the intercalated discs. These structures provide structural integrity to the cardiac muscle tissue and also facilitate transmission of impulses from one cell to another. Which of the following membrane specializations are associated with the longitudinal component of the disc?
Macula Adherentes
Gap junctions
Fascia Adherentes
Actin and desmin filaments
Gap Junctions
ID the type of cells indicated by the arrow “F” Cardiac muscle cells
Hyaline cartilage
Adipocytes
Striated cuboidal epithelial cells
Purkinje cells
Purkinje cells
Alpha-actinin in smooth muscle cells is associated with anchoring actin filaments. It is found in which of the following structures in smooth muscle cells?
Caveolin Monomers
Sphingolipids
Dense Bodies
Dystrophin
Dense Bodies
ID Tissue Type
Smooth muscle
Dense fibrous CT
Cardiac muscle
Stratified squamous epithelium
Kidney Tubules
Smooth Muscle
In the photomicrograph below, ID the specific structure indicated by the asterisk.
Axon
Axon Hillock
Dendrite
Telodendrite
Axon
Which of the following best describes the epineurium?
It is a membrane composed of type III collagen surrounding a fascicle
It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a fascicle
It is a membrane composed of type III collagen surrounding a nerve
It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a nerve
It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a nerve
Voltage-gated channels are found on which of the following kinds of membranes?
Epineurium
Neurolemma
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Neurolemma
Which of the following types of cells myelinate axons in the CNS?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
Microglial Cells
Oligodendrocytes
In the myelinated sheath of peripheral axons, which of the following is important in binding together the outer leaflets of the Schwann cell plasmalemma and helping to compact the cytoplasm?
Proteolipid protein
Myelin basic protein
Myelin protein zero
Connexin 32
Myelin Protein Zero
The meninges cover the brain and the spinal cord. They consist of three layers. Which of the following statements is true regarding these membranes?
The subdural space is only associated with the meninges around the brain
The epidural space is only associated with the meninges around the spinal cord
Cerebral spinal fluid is found in the subdural space
Arachnoid granulations are projections from the pia mater
The epidural space is only associated with the meninges around the spinal cord
The structural component of the blood brain barrier consists of which of the following components?
The tight junctions of the capillary endothelium
The end feet of the astrocytic processes
The fenestrated endothelium of the choroid capillaries
Foot processes of the tanycytes
The tight junctions of the capillary endothelium
Afferent sensory neurons with cell bodies found in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves are best described according to which of the following categories?
Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Golgi Type II Neurons
Pseudounipolar Neurons
Pseudounipolar Neurons
What type of cell is depicted in the following photomicrograph?
Oligodendrocyte Golgi
Type II cell
Astrocyte
Golgi
Type I Cell
Astrocyte
What type of cell is depicted in the following photomicrograph?
Astrocyte
Pseudounipolar neuron
Motor neuron
Bipolar neuron
Pseudounipolar neuron
The asterisk in the photomicrograph below is pointing to which of the following structures?
Bowman’s membrane
Decemet’s Membrane
Bruch’s membrane
Pigmented layer
Bowman’s membrane
ID the layer
Inner plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Outer nuclear layer
The lamina cribrosa is associated with which of the following layers of the eye?
Cornea
Sclera
Lens
Vascular Tunic
Retina
Sclera
A stratified squamous, non-keratinzed epithelium with free nerve endings is characteristic of which of the following?
Decemet’s membrane
Corneal epithelium
Bowman’s membrane
Sclera
Anterior surface of the iris
Corneal epithelium
The sensory layer of the ciliary body produces aqueous humor. This fluid is first secreted into which of the following chambers?
Vitreous body
Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber Canal of Schlemm
Choroid layer
Posterior chamber
Gamma motor neurons are associated with which of the following structures?
Golgi tendon organs
Secondary myofibers
Muscle spindles
Purkinje Fibers
Muscle spindles
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrocartilage?
Type II collagen
Not surrounded by a perichondrium
Found in intervertebral discs Increased collagen in the matrix
Neither A nor B are characteristics of fibrocartilage
Type II Collagen
ID the layer Inner plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer
Inner nuclear layer
Which of the following is not part of a Haversian System? Periosteum Lacunae Lamellae Volkmann Canals Canaliculi
Periosteum
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following? Osteoprotegerin M-CSF RANKL All of the above Only B and C
Only B and C
The following photomicrograph shows a portion of an epiphyseal plate. The specific region of the growth plate indicated by the letter “A” represents which of the following growth plate zones?
Calcification zone
Proliferative
Zone Reserve Zone
Hypertrophic Zone
Proliferative Zone
Which of the following sequences represents the correct lineage for a neutrophil?
Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, neutrophil
Myeloblast, metamyelocyte, promyelocyte, band cell, myelocyte, neutrophil
Metamyelocyte, myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, band cell, neutrophil
Myelocyte, promyelocyte, band cell, metamyelocyte, myeloblast, neutrophil
Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, neutrophil
The granulocyte/macrophage colony forming unit gives rise to monocytes and also to which of the following kinds of mature blood cells? Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Which of the following represents the area of the highest visual acuity?
Ora serrata
Optic disc
Fovea centralis
Macula densa
Fovea centralis
The optic nerve is a bundle of axons that originates from which of the following cell types?
Photosensitive cells
Amacrine cells
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Mueller cells
Ganglion cells
Photosensitive pigments are associated with which of the following segments of a photosensitive cell?
Spherule
Pedicle Cell Body
Inner Segment
Outer Segment
Outer segment
ID the type of cell shown in this slide Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Which of the following types of cells stain with toluidine blue and are characterized by large metachromatic granules containing histamine, ECF-A, SRS-A, and heparin? Fibrocytes Plasma Cells Mast Cells Macrophages
Mast Cells
Which of the following types of cells possess prominent Golgi and extensive RER and are described as having pale nuclei with a “clock-face” distribution of heterochromatin?
Fibrocytes
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells
Macrophages
Plasma Cells
Which of the following transcription factors induces proliferation and self-renewal of satellite cells allowing them to become mitotic in times of stress?
MyoD
Erythropoietin
Myogenic regulatory Factor
My5
Alpha-7-Beta-1 Integrin
MyoD
Histiocytes, dust cells, microglia, and Kupffer Cells are all forms of which of the following?
Fibrocytes
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells
Macrophages
Macrophages
ID the tissue type Hyaline Cartilage Adipose Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Dense Bone
Hyaline Cartilage
ID the structure by the letter “A”: Canaliculi Osteocyte Lamella Lacuna
Lacuna
ID Tissue Type Hyaline Cartilage Dense Bone Trabecular Bone Wharton’s jelly
Trabecular Bone
Which of the following types of collagen forms a meshwork in basement membranes? Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V
Type IV
Which of the following types of cells are associated with the blood-brain barrier? Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells Microglial Cells
Astrocytes
Fast axonal transport (400 mm per day) is used to transport synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters. Which of the following characteristics apply to this mechanism?
Kinesin motor proteins and anterograde transport
Cytoplasmic dynein motor proteins and anterograde transport
Kinesin motor proteins and retrograde transport
Cytoplasmic dynein motor proteins and retrograde transport
Kinesin motor proteins and anterograde transport
