Histology Exam 2 Flashcards by Adam Sklamberg

A “slipped” or herniated disc results when pressure on the vertebral column causes a displacement of the nucleus pulposus in the center of the disc which leads to a bulge caused by this displaced pressure. The weakened part of the disc that bulges out is the annulus ring that surrounds the nucleus pulposus. Which of the following types of tissues makes up this annular ring?

Hyaline Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Woven Bone

Fibrocartilage

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ID Tissuue Type: Fibrous Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Membranous Bone

Hyaline Cartilage

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Which of the following terms does NOT refer to mature bone?

Lamellar

Spongy

Compact

Woven

Cancellous

Woven

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Flow of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes depends on a system of passageways within the bone matrix itself. Which of the following are responsible for conducting these nutrients directly to the osteocytes embedded within the bone?

Haversian Canal

Volkmann Canals

Canaliculi

Capillaries

Canaliculi

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In the attached photomicrograph, ID specific types of cells indicated by the arrow and the type of bone formation shown here.

Chondroblasts and endochondral bone formation Osteoclasts and endochondral bone formation Osteoclasts and intramembrane bone formation Osteoblasts and intramembrane bone formation

Osteoblasts and intramembrane bone formation

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ID the fine lines indicated by the letter “A”

Bile canaliculi

Haversian Canaliculi

Elastic fibers

Collagen fibers

Haversian Canaliculi

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In endochondral bone formation, deposition of bone matrix occurs on which of the following substrates? Fibrous connective tissue

Chondroitin sulfate in hyaline cartilage matrix

Calcified hyaline cartilage matrix

Woven Bone

Calcified hyaline cartilage matrix

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During the development and growth of long bones, hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. Which of the following activities would be directly responsible for the increase in the length of the bone?

Destruction of chondrocytes by the invasion of the ossification front

Enlargement of chondrocytes in the hypertrophic zone

Proliferation of chondrocytes away from the ossification front

Generation of osteoblasts in the invasion zone

Proliferation of chondrocytes away from the ossification front

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Which of the following is normally secreted by osteoblasts and binds to RANKL to prevent maturation of osteoclasts?

Calcitonin

Osteoprotegerin

Denosumab

Alpha-Gamma-Beta3

Integrin

Osteoprotegerin

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Reabsorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts involves removal of both the organic and the inorganic component of the matrix. Which of the following is secreted by osteoclasts to degrade the organic matrix of bone?

Hydrogen and chloride ions

Osteopontin

Cathepsin K

Osteoprotegerin

Cathepsin K

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Which of the following characteristics BEST characterizes the synovial membrane lining of a typical synovial joint cavity?

This membrane is highly vascularized and poorly innervated

This membrane is highly vascularized and richly innervated

This membrane is poorly vascularized and richly innervated

This membrane is poorly vascularized and poorly innervated

This membrane is highly vascularized and poorly innervated

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The following photomicrograph shows a portion of an epiphyseal plate. The specific region of the growth plate indicated by the letter “B” represents which of the following growth plate zones?

Calcification zone

Proliferative Zone

Reserve Zone

Hypertrophic Zone

Hypertrophic Zone

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Which of the following cell types have a biloped nucleus and specific granules containing major basic protein that disrupts parasite membranes?

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Eosinophils

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Of the circulating blood cell types, which of the following is an active amoeboid phagocyte, characterized by numerous small specific granules and larger less numerous azurophilic granules? Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophil Monocyte

Neutrophil

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ID the type of cell shown in this slide Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil

Neutrophil

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The large reddish blood cell shown in this photomicrograph represents which of the following kinds of cells? Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte

Eosinophil

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Prothrombin is the inactive form of thrombin. It is activated by which of the following factors when the factor comes into contact with collagen in the damaged vessel wall?

Factor V

Factor X

Factor XII

Factor XIII

Factor XII

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The lamina cribosa is associated with which of the following layers of the eyeball?

Cornea

Sclera

Choroid

Inner Tunic

Sclera

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The non-photosensitive area of the retina lies anterior to which of the following landmarks?

Limbus

Ciliary body

Canal of Schlemm

Ora Serrata

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Cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and mueller cells form which of the following layers of the retina?

Outer nuclear layer

Outer plexiform layer

Inner nuclear layer

Inner plexiform layer

Inner nuclear layer

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Which of the following types of cells serve as interneurons that interconnect ganglion cells and bipolar cells?

Mueller cells

Amacrine cells

Brunner Cells

Horizontal Cells

Amacrine Cells

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In the photomicrograph below, the arrow is pointing to which of the following structures?

Pigmented layer of the retina

Sensory layer of the retina

Choroid Sclera

Sensory layer of the retina

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In blood clotting mechanisms, activation of the extrinsic pathway is initiated by formation of which of the following?

Thromboplastin

Factor X

Factor V

Calcium

Thromboplastin

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A mother who has not received adequate prenatal care and who does not have current medical records delivers her first baby. The baby is tested and found to be Rh-negative. The mother’s blood is typed prior to delivery. Which of the following would be appropriate advice to for the new mother?

Whether the mother is Rh-negative or Rh-postiive, no further treatment is required with regard to Rh Antigen

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In the hematopoietic lineage of the various granulocytes, which of the following immature cell types may be found in the circulation? Myelocyte Band Cell Promyelocyte Metamyelocyte

Band cell

Erythropoietin directs the CFU-E to proliferate and to differentiate into proerythroblasts. Which of the following sites represents the source of erythropoietin? Liver Kidney Bone Marrow Spleen

Kidney

Which of the following hematopoietic growth factors may be administered to treat neutropenia following chemotherapy or radiation therapy? Erythropoietin Thrombopoietin Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

ID the specific type of blood cell marked with an asterisk in the photomicrograph below. Monocyte Lymphoblast Megakaryocyte Proerythroblast

Proerythroblast

This protein extends from the Z band of a sarcomere and serves as a template to regulate the length of an actin filament. Titin Z-Actin Troponin Nebulin Plectin

Nebulin

In a skeletal muscle fiber, which of the following extends from one myofibril to another end and to the sarcolemma? Desmin Plectin Alpha-Beta-Crystallin Dystroglycan Complex

Desmin

In neuromuscular spindles intrafusal fibers within the neuromuscular spindles are supplied by which of the following fibers? Alpha fibers Gamma fibers Delta Fibers Beta Fibers None of the above

Gamma fibers

Cardiac muscle cells are characterized by the presence of the intercalated discs. These structures provide structural integrity to the cardiac muscle tissue and also facilitate transmission of impulses from one cell to another. Which of the following membrane specializations are associated with the longitudinal component of the disc? Macula Adherentes Gap junctions Fascia Adherentes Actin and desmin filaments

Gap Junctions

ID the type of cells indicated by the arrow "F" Cardiac muscle cells Hyaline cartilage Adipocytes Striated cuboidal epithelial cells Purkinje cells

Purkinje cells

Alpha-actinin in smooth muscle cells is associated with anchoring actin filaments. It is found in which of the following structures in smooth muscle cells? Caveolin Monomers Sphingolipids Dense Bodies Dystrophin

Dense Bodies

ID Tissue Type Smooth muscle Dense fibrous CT Cardiac muscle Stratified squamous epithelium Kidney Tubules

Smooth Muscle

In the photomicrograph below, ID the specific structure indicated by the asterisk. Axon Axon Hillock Dendrite Telodendrite

Axon

Which of the following best describes the epineurium? It is a membrane composed of type III collagen surrounding a fascicle It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a fascicle It is a membrane composed of type III collagen surrounding a nerve It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a nerve

It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a nerve

Voltage-gated channels are found on which of the following kinds of membranes? Epineurium Neurolemma Perineurium Endoneurium

Neurolemma

Which of the following types of cells myelinate axons in the CNS? Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells Microglial Cells

Oligodendrocytes

In the myelinated sheath of peripheral axons, which of the following is important in binding together the outer leaflets of the Schwann cell plasmalemma and helping to compact the cytoplasm? Proteolipid protein Myelin basic protein Myelin protein zero Connexin 32

Myelin Protein Zero

The meninges cover the brain and the spinal cord. They consist of three layers. Which of the following statements is true regarding these membranes? The subdural space is only associated with the meninges around the brain The epidural space is only associated with the meninges around the spinal cord Cerebral spinal fluid is found in the subdural space Arachnoid granulations are projections from the pia mater

The epidural space is only associated with the meninges around the spinal cord

The structural component of the blood brain barrier consists of which of the following components? The tight junctions of the capillary endothelium The end feet of the astrocytic processes The fenestrated endothelium of the choroid capillaries Foot processes of the tanycytes

The tight junctions of the capillary endothelium

Afferent sensory neurons with cell bodies found in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves are best described according to which of the following categories? Multipolar neurons Bipolar neurons Golgi Type II Neurons Pseudounipolar Neurons

Pseudounipolar Neurons

What type of cell is depicted in the following photomicrograph? Oligodendrocyte Golgi Type II cell Astrocyte Golgi Type I Cell

Astrocyte

What type of cell is depicted in the following photomicrograph? Astrocyte Pseudounipolar neuron Motor neuron Bipolar neuron

Pseudounipolar neuron

The asterisk in the photomicrograph below is pointing to which of the following structures? Bowman's membrane Decemet's Membrane Bruch's membrane Pigmented layer

Bowman's membrane

ID the layer Inner plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer

Outer nuclear layer

The lamina cribrosa is associated with which of the following layers of the eye? Cornea Sclera Lens Vascular Tunic Retina

Sclera

A stratified squamous, non-keratinzed epithelium with free nerve endings is characteristic of which of the following? Decemet's membrane Corneal epithelium Bowman's membrane Sclera Anterior surface of the iris

Corneal epithelium

The sensory layer of the ciliary body produces aqueous humor. This fluid is first secreted into which of the following chambers? Vitreous body Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Canal of Schlemm Choroid layer

Posterior chamber

Gamma motor neurons are associated with which of the following structures? Golgi tendon organs Secondary myofibers Muscle spindles Purkinje Fibers

Muscle spindles

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrocartilage? Type II collagen Not surrounded by a perichondrium Found in intervertebral discs Increased collagen in the matrix Neither A nor B are characteristics of fibrocartilage

Type II Collagen

ID the layer Inner plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer

Inner nuclear layer

Which of the following is not part of a Haversian System? Periosteum Lacunae Lamellae Volkmann Canals Canaliculi

Periosteum

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following? Osteoprotegerin M-CSF RANKL All of the above Only B and C

Only B and C

The following photomicrograph shows a portion of an epiphyseal plate. The specific region of the growth plate indicated by the letter "A" represents which of the following growth plate zones? Calcification zone Proliferative Zone Reserve Zone Hypertrophic Zone

Proliferative Zone

Which of the following sequences represents the correct lineage for a neutrophil? Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, neutrophil Myeloblast, metamyelocyte, promyelocyte, band cell, myelocyte, neutrophil Metamyelocyte, myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, band cell, neutrophil Myelocyte, promyelocyte, band cell, metamyelocyte, myeloblast, neutrophil

Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, neutrophil

The granulocyte/macrophage colony forming unit gives rise to monocytes and also to which of the following kinds of mature blood cells? Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Erythrocytes

Neutrophils

Which of the following represents the area of the highest visual acuity? Ora serrata Optic disc Fovea centralis Macula densa

Fovea centralis

The optic nerve is a bundle of axons that originates from which of the following cell types? Photosensitive cells Amacrine cells Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Mueller cells

Ganglion cells

Photosensitive pigments are associated with which of the following segments of a photosensitive cell? Spherule Pedicle Cell Body Inner Segment Outer Segment

Outer segment

ID the type of cell shown in this slide Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Which of the following types of cells stain with toluidine blue and are characterized by large metachromatic granules containing histamine, ECF-A, SRS-A, and heparin? Fibrocytes Plasma Cells Mast Cells Macrophages

Mast Cells

Which of the following types of cells possess prominent Golgi and extensive RER and are described as having pale nuclei with a "clock-face" distribution of heterochromatin? Fibrocytes Plasma Cells Mast Cells Macrophages

Plasma Cells

Which of the following transcription factors induces proliferation and self-renewal of satellite cells allowing them to become mitotic in times of stress? MyoD Erythropoietin Myogenic regulatory Factor My5 Alpha-7-Beta-1 Integrin

MyoD

Histiocytes, dust cells, microglia, and Kupffer Cells are all forms of which of the following? Fibrocytes Plasma Cells Mast Cells Macrophages

Macrophages

ID the tissue type Hyaline Cartilage Adipose Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Dense Bone

Hyaline Cartilage

ID the structure by the letter "A": Canaliculi Osteocyte Lamella Lacuna

Lacuna

ID Tissue Type Hyaline Cartilage Dense Bone Trabecular Bone Wharton's jelly

Trabecular Bone

Which of the following types of collagen forms a meshwork in basement membranes? Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V

Type IV

Which of the following types of cells are associated with the blood-brain barrier? Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells Microglial Cells

Astrocytes

Fast axonal transport (400 mm per day) is used to transport synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters. Which of the following characteristics apply to this mechanism? Kinesin motor proteins and anterograde transport Cytoplasmic dynein motor proteins and anterograde transport Kinesin motor proteins and retrograde transport Cytoplasmic dynein motor proteins and retrograde transport

Kinesin motor proteins and anterograde transport