Physiology final- renal

Question 1

Functions of the kidney

Answer 1

regulate extracellular fluid volume and BP, regulation of osmolarity, maintenance of iron balance, regulation of pH, excretion of wastes and production of hormones

Question 2

how kidneys balance water

Answer 2

kidneys can’t make water so they conserve it by concentrating urine.

Question 3

vasopressin (AVP or ADH)

Answer 3

hormone to retain water, when levels are high, urine is more concentrated. made in hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary. increases osmolarity and decreases blood pressure

Question 4

Diuresis

Answer 4

removal of excess water in urine

Question 5

Diuretics

Answer 5

drugs that promote urine excretion. important in hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Question 6

Things that trigger Vasopressin

Answer 6

Low blood pressure, low blood volume, higher than about 300 mOsM

Question 7

Increasing ECF Osmolarity

Answer 7

increased thirst, increased vasopressin secretion

Question 8

Decrease in ECF volume

Answer 8

increased vasopressin, increased thirst,

Question 9

alcohol

Answer 9

acts as a vasopressin, unintended diuretic

Question 10

sodium reabsorption occurs mostly in the

Answer 10

proximal tubule

Question 11

Aldosterone

Answer 11

hormone made in the adrenal cortex. primarily for renal sodium reabsorption. triggered by high K+ levels and low blood pressure.

Question 12

RAAS

Answer 12

Granular cells produce the enzyme renin. low BP increases renin production which converts angiotensinogen from the liver into ANG-I which is converted into ANG-II which tells the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption.

Question 13

increase in sodium reabsorption leads to

Answer 13

higher blood pressure, ECF volume expansion and increased blood volume

Question 14

Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 14

produced by myocardial cells in response to stretching from increased blood volume to tell kidney to decrease sodium reabsorption. tells the hypothalamus to decrease vasopressin and adrenal cortex to decrease aldosterone. Increases diuretic action, decreases volume and pressure.

Question 15

properties of dehydration

Answer 15

low bp, low volume, high osmolarity.

Question 16

3 lines of defense agains pH changes

Answer 16

1. chemical buffers 2. respiratory system 3. kidneys

Question 17

kidney-regulation of pH

Answer 17

third line of defense, much slower. H+ secretion and reabsorption, HCO3 excretion/reabsorption and ammonia secretion.

Question 18

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 18

normal or slightly decreased PCO2, increased H+, decreased pH, decreased HCO3