Physiology final-immune system

Question 1

Immune Response: Chemical and physical barriers

Answer 1

skin, mucus, stomach acid, etc.

Question 2

Immune Response: innate immunity

Answer 2

Innflamation

Question 3

Immune Response: adaptive immune response

Answer 3

cell mediated, specific immune response

Question 4

Three body barriers to prevent invasion

Answer 4

1. Epithelial layers 2. glandular secretions 3. stomach acidity

Question 5

Epithelial layers

Answer 5

first line of defense. protective barrier of skin and mucus membranes

Question 6

Glandular Secretions

Answer 6

salivary glands and glands in your airway secrete mucus and immunoglobulins to trap and disable inhaled or ingested pathogens

Question 7

Stomach Acidity

Answer 7

low pH in stomach helps destroy swallowed pathogens

Question 8

respiratory tract defenses

Answer 8

pulmonary mucus and ciliary action helps to clear foreigners from respiratory tract

Question 9

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

Answer 9

Thymus Gland- educated T cells about self

Bone Marrow- source of T and B cells

Question 10

Secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 10

encapsulated: spleen and lymph nodes
diffuse: tonsils, GALT and clusters of lymphoid tissues

Question 11

Primary cells involved in the inflammatory response

Answer 11

neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and dendritic cells

Question 12

Inflammatory response symptoms

Answer 12

redness, warmth, swelling and pain

Question 13

Inflammatory response

Answer 13

Break in the skin opens endothelial cells and introduces bacteria. Neutrophils attach to endothelial cells first. Local activated macrophages engulf pathogens and release signals (cytokines and chemotaxins) to tell where to action is at. Mast cells respond to the new bacteria and release histamines which vasodilate and widen capillary pores. cytokines make the blood vessel walls sticky so that neutrophils and monocytes attach. The chemotaxins attract the neutrophils and monocytes so that they squeeze out of the vessel walls and go to the infection site. Monocytes enlarge into macrophages and along with the new neutrophils they engulf the pathogens and destroy them.

Question 14

Phagocytosis

Answer 14

process of eating stranger cells and dangerous cellular debris.

Question 15

Primary phagocytes

Answer 15

Macrophages and Neutrophils

Question 16

Diapedisis

Answer 16

phagocytic cells (neutrophils and monocytes) move from vascular space to infection site.

Question 17

Interferon

Answer 17

Cell that has been infected uses this protein to signal neighbors and warn them

Question 18

Organ specific phagocytic cells

Answer 18

Kupffer cells in the liver and microglial cells in the brains

Question 19

Opsonin

Answer 19

Proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize to digest them

Question 20

Fever

Answer 20

innate immune response. Triggered by the release of pyrogens and prostaglandins that signal the hypothalamus nuclei to raise body temperature. Creates a hostile environment for pathogens.

Question 21

Complement cascade (innate immune response)

Answer 21

cascade of proteins that create a membrane attack complex (MAC) that creates large pores in the pathogen causing water to rush into the pathogen and the pathogen to burst.

Question 22

T-Lymphocytes

Answer 22

Come from the bone marrow then mature and “go to school” in the thalamus. cell-mediated immune response. Helper T’s and Cytotoxic T cells.

Question 23

B-Lymphocytes

Answer 23

made in the bone marrow. on B-cells make antibodies. in humoral response, when things are floating around in the fluids of the body

Question 24

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

Answer 24

Macrophage and Dendritic, have either MHC-1 or MHC-2

Question 25

Cytotoxic T-Cells

Answer 25

attack infiltrated cells. attack and destroy cells that have MHC-I antigen complexes. secrete perforin that forms pores and insert granzymes which activates enzymes so that the cell commits suicide (apoptosis)

Question 26

Helper T-Cells

Answer 26

two types: helper and suppressor- increase or decrease B-cell activation. do not directly attack pathogens or infected cells. interact with and are activated by APC. MHC-II class

Question 27

Primary Immune Response

Answer 27

first exposure to antigen causes naive lymphocytes to reproduce. antibody production is slower and weaker because body has not encountered antigen previously

Question 28

Secondary Immune Response

Answer 28

Much faster and stronger because of memory cells that stay behind after the first exposure.

Question 29

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Answer 29

IgG- most abundant in adults, produced in secondary responses. IgA- found in external secretions, IgE- target gut parasites and are associated with allergic responses. IgM- primary responses. IgD- appear on the surface of B cells but role is unclear.

Question 30

Roles of antibodies

Answer 30

neutralize toxins, activate complement, act as opsonins, make antigens clump, activating mast cells.