Physiology final- chapters 22 and 23

Question 1

anabolism

Answer 1

to build it up (synthesis). fed state/absorptive state.

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

to break it down. (“lysis”) fasted state or post-absorptive.

Question 3

satiety

Answer 3

says your full, you’ve had enough. meal to meal. short term.

Question 4

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Answer 4

made in the hypothalamus. paired with opposite MSH. important in turning on appetite.
leads to orexin

Question 5

orexin

Answer 5

stimulates hunger from NPY’s, paired with corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 6

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Answer 6

reduces appetite, from MSH. opposite of orexin.

Question 7

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Answer 7

turns off appetite. made in hypothalamus. paired with NPY.

Question 8

CCK

Answer 8

says i’m full. comes from duodenum.

Question 9

Grehlin

Answer 9

in stomach and increases NPY. opposite of leptin.

Question 10

Leptin

Answer 10

mirrors body fat levels. high fat levels=high leptin levels. decreases NPY. opposite of grehlin.

Question 11

Direct calorimetry

Answer 11

measures energy content of food

Question 12

indirect calorimetry

Answer 12

measures oxygen consumption. how much energy you’re extending.

Question 13

respiratory quotient

Answer 13

CO2 produced in exercise vs. oxygen consumed.

Question 14

energy production- carbohydrates

Answer 14

absorbed primarily as glucose. fed state- stored as glycogen in liver. fasted state- glycogen broken down into glucose

Question 15

BMI

Answer 15

doesn’t measure body composition. (need percentiles for children).

Question 16

Insulin

Answer 16

only hormone that lowers blood sugar. anabolic, promotes fat synthesis. Paired with glucagon. made in beta cells. dominates fed state. from the pancreas.

Question 17

Glucagon

Answer 17

raises blood sugar. paired with insulin. catabolic. dominates fasted state. from alpha cells in the pancreas

Question 18

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 18

autoimmune. common in children. acute loss of beta cell function and lacks insulin production. virus attacks beta cells.

Question 19

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 19

increasing demand for insulin to exhaust beta cells. leads to obesity or opposite.

Question 20

hyperglycemia

Answer 20

high glucose amounts. leads to hyperosmolarity, polyuria (pee a lot and drink a lot), dehydration, altered brain function, etc.

Question 21

Growth hormone

Answer 21

made in the anterior pituitary. anabolic

Question 22

growth hormone releasing hormone

Answer 22

from the hypothalamus. stimulates growth hormone. opposite somatomedin.

Question 23

somatomedins

Answer 23

inhibits (prevents) growth hormone. opposite growth hormone releasing hormone.

Question 24

Insulin like growth factors (IGFs)

Answer 24

made in the liver. growth hormone raises blood sugar. anabolic.

Question 25

Osteoblasts

Answer 25

make bone- produce enzymes and osteoid. takes calcium out of bone bank by making hydrochloric acid.

Question 26

Osteoclasts

Answer 26

break down bone- control reabsorption

Question 27

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 27

released when there is a decrease in calcium. opposite of calcitonin.

Question 28

Three ways PTH increases plasma calcium

Answer 28

1. mobilizes calcium from bone 2. enhances renal reabsorption of calcium 3. Indirectly increases intestinal absorption of calcium.

Question 29

Calcitonin

Answer 29

puts calcium back into bone. opposite of PTH.

Question 30

Calcitriol- vitamin D3

Answer 30

absorbs more calcium from intestine. produced by C cells in thyroid. stimulated in skin and activated in liver and kidney

Question 31

What happens when we have low calcium levels?

Answer 31

PTH increases. takes calcium from bone, kidney and gut (intestines)