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Biology > Physiology, Digestion, Life on earth! > Flashcards

Physiology, Digestion, Life on earth! Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three levels in the hierarchy of structural order in terms of the aspects of life?

A
  1. Organisms: organs, systems and communication tissues 2. Cells: organelles - structure and function 3. Molecules: DNA/RNA, signalling molecules, enzymes, proteins, carbs, fats etc
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1
Q

Define cell differentiation

A

The development of cells with specialised structure and function from unspecialised precursor cells.

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2
Q

Describe an Amoeba

A

A protist that lives in fresh water and moves by ameboid movement.

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3
Q

Define a tissue

A

Groups of cells with a common structure and function

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3
Q

What are the four catagories of tissues?

A

Epithelium, connective, muscle and nerve.

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4
Q

Where would you find Stratified squamous epithelium?

A

The tongue and oesophagus.

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5
Q

Where would you find Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi

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6
Q

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

The lungs

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7
Q

Where would you find simple columnar epithelium?

A

Large and small intestine, the stomach

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8
Q

Where would you find Cuboidal epithelium?

A

Surface of the ovaries

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9
Q

Name two examples of occluding junctions?

A

Tight and anchoring junctions

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10
Q

What is a function of gap junctions?

A

They allow molecules to pass through from one cell to the other

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11
Q

What two sides do typical epithelia have and what does this mean in terms of their locations?

A

They have a Basel and Apical side. Basel = closely interacting with other cells. Apical = This side is exposed to the lumen.

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12
Q

Describe collagen, elastic and reticular fibres found in connective tissues

A

Collagen = strong and non-elastic, elastic = made of elastin, and reticular = thin and highly branched reticular fibres which serve to join connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What does adipose tissue store?

A

Fat droplets

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15
Q

What does the Equality act aim to ensure?

A

The elimination of unlawful discrimination, harassment and victimisation, and to foster good relations between those who share protected characteristics.

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16
Q

In terms of location, structure, control and power, describe skeletal muscle.

A

Found in the limbs, has a striated structure, is voluntarily controlled, and has high power.

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17
Q

In terms of location, structure, control and power, describe cardiac muscle.

A

Located in the heart, has a striated structure, is involuntarily controlled, and has high power.

18
Q

In terms of location, structure, control and power, describe smooth muscle.

A

Is located in the gut and blood vessels, has a non-striated structure, is involuntarily controlled, and has low power.

19
Q

Describe the parts that make up muscles from smallest to largest.

A

Sarcomeres –> myofibrils –> myofibers –> Muscles

20
Q

What two protein fibres are sarcomeres made up of? Which is thick and which is thin?

A

Actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

21
Q

describe the stages of muscle contraction.

A
  1. Myosin head hydrolyses ATP 2. Myosin head binds to actin forming a cross bridge 3. the release of ADP and Pi causes a power stroke which slides the thin filament along the myosin 4. Binding of a new ATP releases the myosin head
22
Q

What is muscle contraction a result of?

A

Interactions between actin and myosin filaments

23
Q

What is the sliding filament model?

A

When thin filaments slide over thick filaments without changing length.

24
Q

What is the function of sensory nerves?

A

To carry an electrical signal from sense organs to the CNS - they respond to stimuli.

25
Q

What is the function of motor nerves?

A

To carry an electrical signal from the CNS to the muscles - activate contraction.

26
Q

What cells produce myelin?

A

Schwann cells in motor neurons

27
Q

What is concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Sodium channels

28
Q

define convergent evolution

A

A mechanism which has evolved to have the same function but differs in the details

29
Q

Name a consequence of demyelination

A

Degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis

30
Q

Briefly describe how a signal is transmitted in an electrical synapse

A

Ions flow through gap junctions located in the synapse. Allows for much faster transmission

31
Q

How are signals communicated between motor neurons and muscles

A

Signal is passed through a neuromuscular junction from the neuron to the muscle

32
Q

What conversion makes blood clotting possible?

A

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

33
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

To secrete a matrix and proteins

34
Q

What is the function of mesenteries?

A

To hold the internal organs in place

35
Q

What is adipose tissue regulated by? How does this tissue type help blood vessels?

A

Hormones. Gives protection to the blood vessels

36
Q

How does adipose tissue differ in marine animals?

A

Known as blubber, and has adapted to become more vascularised and help with: Energy, insulation, buoyancy and protection.

37
Q

What type of protein is collagen?

A

Glycoprotein

38
Q

What are the functions of ligaments and joints?

A

Ligaments = link joints. Tendons = attach muscles to bones.

39
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Mineralised matrix of collagen fibres impregnated with salts

40
Q

What cells secrete the building blocks of bones?

A

Osteoblasts

41
Q

What do the compact and spongy parts of bone offer?

A

Spongy = keeps the weight manageable. Compact = provides the bone strength

42
Q

What terms refers to bones being able to handle lots of force?

A

Compliance

43
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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