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Biology > Nervous system! > Flashcards

Nervous system! Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define neuroscienece

A

Study of the nervous system

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2
Q

Name three different approaches to neuroscience

A

E.g. cellular/molecular, behavioural, cognitive, computational, clinical

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3
Q

Define Dale’s Law

A

that each neuron has a specialised function

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4
Q

What are neuronal fibres

A

Outgrowths of neurons

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5
Q

What is the neural unit?

A

The fact that the brain is made up of individual neurons that contain specialized features.

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6
Q

Name the three basic parts of a neuron

A

The dendrites, the cell body, and the axon

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7
Q

How many layers is the human neocortex made up from?

A

6

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8
Q

Name the two types of responses a neuron can exhibit depending on the stimulus

A

Tonic (repeated triggering) and Phase (a single firing)

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9
Q

True of false: Potassium moves freely through channels whilst sodium is tightly regulated.

A

True

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10
Q

What does the refractory period ensure?

A

Uni-directional movement

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11
Q

How do the nodes of Ranvier affect voltage speed?

A

They increase the speed as they allow the signal to “jump” down the axon.

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12
Q

Name two ways in which transmission can be sped up

A

Giant axons and myelination.

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13
Q

What happens when myelin is lost/degrades? Give an example.

A

A range of autoimmune diseases can develop such as multiple sclerosis

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14
Q

What stimulates the release of transmitters from intracellular vesicles?

A

Voltage-gated calcium channels in the presynaptic neuron

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15
Q

What do ionotropic and metabotropic mean in terms of signalling receptor speed?

A

Ionotropic = fast and metabotropic = slow

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16
Q

What does the hypothalamus control? Name the three things.

A

Endocrine regulation, autonomic function, and limbic function.

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17
Q

Define the neural doctrine

A

The concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells

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18
Q

What is the major biological difference seen in the human brain when compared to other mammals?

A

Much larger and more developed frontal cortex

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19
Q

Name the four main areas of the human brain

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon and the cerebellum

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20
Q

What makes up the telecephalon?

A

Cortex and the deeper structures of the cerebrum

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21
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What makes up the Mesencephalon?

A

The midbrain, the pons and the medulla

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23
Q

Where are the most sophisticated functions of our brain located?

A

The top and front of our brains.

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24
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

To insulate the brain

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25
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier ensure?

A

That only essential molecules pass into the brain

26
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

27
Q

True or false: The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work one at a time.

A

False- they are both constantly active

28
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres originate from? What do they both secrete?

A

Sympathetic = spinal cord. parasympathetic = brain and lower spinal cord. Both secrete acetylcholine.

29
Q

What do postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres secrete? What are the specific names for both types of fibres?

A

sympathetic = norepinephrine and adrenergic. parasympathetic = acetylcholine and cholinergic

30
Q

What does the Adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

31
Q

What arteries supply the brain with blood?

A

The internal cortical arteries and the vertebral arteries.

32
Q

What doe the Internal Carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries combine to form?

A

The circle of Willis

33
Q

What is a stroke?

A

The interruption of blood flow to the brain causing cell death.

34
Q

What do stroke symptoms and aftermath depend on?

A

Location of stroke, type of stroke and time before treatment.

35
Q

True or false: the endocrine system is uni-directional

A

False - it is bi-directional

36
Q

What are the two types of signals that can be recieved by a postsynaptic neuron?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

37
Q

Briefly describe how a neuroendocrine signal is transmitted (presynaptic neuron to target cell.)

A

presynaptic neuron –> postsynaptic neuron –> bloodstream –> target cell.

38
Q

What are endocrine cells specialized for?

A

synthesis, storage, release

39
Q

Where are receptors for hormones located within cells?

A

The cytoplasm or cell membrane

40
Q

Name the three CNS endocrine glands

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

41
Q

How do most nuclei in the hypothalamus communicate with the endocrine system?

A

Via the pituitary gland

42
Q

What major hormones are released from the ANTERIOR pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone (gnRH), LH and FSH

43
Q

What 2 major hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

44
Q

True or false: Oestrogen operates with both negative and positive feedback loops?

A

True

45
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells and where are they found?

A

Found in the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone in response to LH

46
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells and where are they found?

A

Found in the seminiferous tubules and stimulate sperm maturation.

47
Q

What do theca cells produce?

A

Androstenedione

48
Q

at do Granulosa cells produce?

A

Oestrogen

49
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

A

The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

50
Q

What responses do the adrenal medulla and cortex stimulate?

A

Medulla = fight or flight response. Cortex = stress response

51
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

52
Q

What determines if an endocrine cell can synthesise a hormone or not?

A

Which enzymes it produces

53
Q

What governs most sex differences?

A

Aromatase levels and distribution

54
Q

define stress

A

Anything that puts the body out of homeostatic balance

55
Q

What is the process of allostasis?

A

The maintenance of stability through physiological or behavioural change.

56
Q

Describe the relationship between stress and health

A

As stress levels increase, health worsens

57
Q

How is the circadian rhythm regulated?

A

Through environmental factors

58
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

A group of specialised cells located in the hypothalamus

59
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus activate?

A

Secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland

60
Q

How is melatonin supressed and how is it measured?

A

Melatonin is supressed by light exposure and is measured through the blood or saliva

61
Q

Name two negative consequences of insufficient sleep + state of social jetlag

A

decreases in cognitive and academic performance, safety, mental health, physical health.

62
Q

True or false: The SCN clock cells act in a synchronised fashion?

A

True

Biology (11 decks)

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