Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Infection biology! > Flashcards

Infection biology! Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does all life stem from?

A

One universal ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe a “mutualistic” relationship

A

A relationship between two organisms where both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe “commensalism” in terms of a relationship

A

A relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other remains relatively unaffected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe “parastitism”

A

A relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is harmed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the three relationship types of symbiosis.

A

Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name at least three ways in which microbes are used.

A

Agriculture, disease, food, energy/environment, biotechnology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What instrument is needed to be able to view prokaryotic cells?

A

Light microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells store their genetic information?

A

Prokaryotes = plasmids or bacterial chromosomes. Eukaryotes = Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give three examples of membrane-bound organelles.

A

Mitochondrion, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the three main components of a flagellum.

A

The basal apparatus, the filament, the hook.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of a Fimbriae?

A

Allows them to stick to their substrate or others in the colony.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of Sex Pili?

A

Allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 2 benefits of bacterial cell wall structures?

A

Protect the cells from osmotic lysis and toxic sustances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of Gram strains? What does this depend on?

A

Positive and negative. Depends on the composition of bacterial cell walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where do viruses reproduce?

A

In a host cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define virus.

A

A very small infectious particle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why would a virus be called a “DNA virus” or an “RNA virus”?

A

Depends on whether or not they have (double or single-stranded) DNA or RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell which encloses the viral genome, made up from smaller protein units called capsomeres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses which infect bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the lytic cycle

A

The phage reproductive cycle that culminates in host cell death as viral genome leaves the cell. Virulent phage only reproduce by this cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the lysogenic cycle

A

Viral DNA is incorporated into host cell chromosome, called a prophage. Every time the host cell then divides, it copies the viral DNA too. Environmental factors then trigger the lytic cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe some of the features of animal virus reproductive cycles.

A

The viral genome enters the cell and begins to use the cells organelles to make new viruses

24
Q

Name and describe one way viruses evade immune detection

A

Viral envelopes. Surround viruses to help evade detection.

25
Q

What enzyme do retroviruses use to copy their RNA genome into viral DNA?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

26
Q

What is the name once the viral DNA becomes integrated into the host?

A

Provirus

27
Q

what can happen if there are major changes to surface antigens on influenza?

A

Large regional outbreaks or global pandemics

28
Q

Name the two major surface antigens of influenza

A

HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase)

29
Q

Why are viral strains that jump species so harmful to the new host?

A

They can exchange genetic info with other viruses to which they have no immunity to.

30
Q

What are Viroids and what to they infect?

A

Viroids are extremely simple infectious agents - single circular RNA molecule.

31
Q

What are Prions and how do they affect humans?

A

They are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins which cause brain damage in mammals.

32
Q

True or false: Each body location provides a different environmental niche in which microbes can grow.

A

True

33
Q

Where do you find the highest concentration of bacteria in the body?

A

The large bowel

34
Q

Name two ways normal microbiota protect us.

A

Protect from physical colonisation from: Other humans, other animals, the evolution of organisms.

35
Q

Define the microbiome

A

Microbes, their genomes + environmental interactions in a defined environment

36
Q

Are changes in the human microbiome associated with human health or disease?

A

Both are affected. Linked to diabetes, obesity, heart disease etc.

37
Q

What does the human host provide for the gut microbiome?

A

Warmth, food and a physical place for the biome to exist

38
Q

Name three ways microbes are passed between humans.

A

Sneezing, saliva, sex, failing to wash hands after the toilet, insect bites, cuts in the skin

39
Q

Name the 5 principles of pathogenesis

A
  1. Invade the host 2. Evade the innate immune response and spread 3. Multiply 4. Evade the adaptive immune system long enough to complete life cycle 5. Spread to a new host.
40
Q

Name two ways that help prevent infection

A

High-quality hygiene and Vaccines

41
Q

When vaccines are unavailable, what is another type of medicine that can kill bacteria?

A

Antibiotics - causes bacteria to lyse under osmotic pressure.

42
Q

Name a problem with antibiotics

A

Some bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics.

43
Q

Describe the condition on which anti-viral agents work

A

They must inhibit the multiplication of the virus but not the whole host cell.

44
Q

Name 3 food processes microbes are essential for

A

Bread (yeast), Beer & wine (yeast), vinegar (Acetobacter)

45
Q

What bacterial protein is used to make Quorn?

A

Pruteen

46
Q

How are microbes used in sweage works?

A

To break down the organic material in sewage

47
Q

What do autotrophs use as a carbon source and what do they use for energy?

A

Autotrophs require CO2 as a carbon source and use inorganic compounds for energy

48
Q

What do heterortrophs use to make organic compounds and what do they use for energy?

A

Heterotrophs require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds and they use organic carbon as an energy source.

49
Q

What is Bioremediation?

A

The use of microbes to break down dangerous chemicals.

50
Q

True or false: Bacteria cannot be used to make biodegradable plastics?

A

False. yes they can.

51
Q

Name two ways that bacteria can be said to be great microbial factories

A
  1. Can produce useful compounds already encoded in bacterial genome 2. Can be genetically manipulated to make them produce useful exogenous molecules
52
Q

Name three pharmaceutical products made using microbes

A

Vaccines, complex vitamins, antibiotics

53
Q

Name one way in which viruses can be used for good

A

They are sometimes used as vectors to deliver genes in specific cell types e.g. bone marrow

54
Q

What would happen if a Viral vector loaded genes near an oncogene?

A

Cancer could be triggered.

55
Q

Is human gene therapy easier to use for single or multi-gene disorders?

A

Single gene disorders are more easily treated.

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions