(Physiology) - Cell function Flashcards
Formation of ATP
where
ATP, energy shuttle, releasing the P to make ADP is the producing of energy, the breaking of bond
energy is released when phosphate is hydrolyzed off
Cytosol- glycolysis
Mitochondria- TCA and ETC cycle
Possible fuel sources
Readily available
Carbohydrates (CHO)
—–Monosaccarides – E.g. Glucose (C6H12O6), fructose
——Disaccharides (e.g. Lactose, Sucrose)
——-Polysaccharides (Starch)
Proteins
Made up of amino Acids, converted to Keto acid, slower
Fats
Glycerol and fatty acids, $$$hold a lot of energy$$$
Glycolysis steps and ATP production
starts in cytosol
breakdown of glucose of other fuels in the presence of oxygen to make ATP
Four stages
———-GPCE. - GOTHAM POLICE CHASE ENZYMES
- - -Glycolysis
- – Prepatory
- - - TCA
- - - ETs
in glycolysis glucose is broken down, and makes some ATP, while electrons are being shuttled to the ETS, to make more ATP
shuttle hydrogen to ETS and glucose breaks down into pyruvate- NADH carries electrons to ETS
move into mitochondria over the prep step and harvest some hydrogens
citric acid- blow apart molecule, only hydrogen and disposing of carbons and oxygens - NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to ETS
move into ETS
PRODUCES MOST OF THE ATP
Co- Enzymes
NEEDED FOR REACTION, CATALYST
Hydrogen shuttles and move electrons to the ETS
NAD+ becomes NADH, that’s the shuttle
FAD becomes FADH2
Glycolysis
enzymes in glycolysis to remember
9 rxns in the cytosol
breaks down glucose into two pyruvate
!!!!!! 2-2-2. !!!!!!!
to start input 2 ATP and 1 glucose,
at the end produce 4 ATP.
NET 2 produced
2 NADH shuttled to ETS
2 pyruvate are produced
hexokinase- starts the porocess
pyruvate kinases- makes the last ATP and finishes the process
Phosphofructokinase- this is how we control glycolysis in the cell, IS THE CONTROL MECHANISM, CAN SLOW, SPEED UP, OR STOP THE RXN
Start of Prepatory step, moving into —–
what does it lose across membrane and inside the —–
what does it become
moving into the mitochondria
pyruvate kinase on the outside uses a transport protein
lose a CO2 in the transfer, an irreversible step
pull off a hydrogen and give to NADH
LEAVES US WITH A 2 CARBON UNIT
makes acetyle CoA
TCA cycle
where does it occur and with what molecule, how many cycles
how much does 1 Acetyle CoA produce? what is the NET
pyruvate loses an H and CO2 and is now Acetyle CoA
goes into Citric Acid Cycle, happens in the open space of the mitochondria
final breakdown of the molecule
2 cycles
!!!! 6-2-2. !!!!!
3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2
get rid of O2 and CO2
Electron Transport Chain
enzyme
Oxidative phosphorolation
how much ATP can one NADH and one FADH2 make
Form ATP and requires oxygen
as harvesting hydrogen, O2 is used to make water at the end
Transfer energy from NADH and FADH2
NADH and FADH2 are delivered to the inner mitochondrial membrane. cytochrome proteins, hydrogen pumps allow them to pass inside
dump OFF hydrogens and create hydrogen gradient, hydrogen then wants to come in, thru ATP synthase, take phosphate
as transporting electrons thru proteins thats the ETC and when they harvest their energy
WATER is a waste
NADH dumps off the H and it moves thru 3 cytochromes, pumping out 3 hydrogens to outside space
when H comes back in it has the ability to make 3 ATP
NADH can produce 3 ATP
FADH2 can produce 2 ATP
Control of cellular respiration
negative feedback ALLOSTERIC CONTROL
each phase makes ATP
when ATP levels get high, turn off PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
ATP synthase
optimum number of ATP produced from one glucose
because of the concentration gradient, Hydrogen wants to come in, which powers the rotor system and allows for phosphate to be put on ADP
Protein molecule makes ATP
H+ gradient Drives ATP synthase
36 to 38
glucose
ATp yield and oxygen
FIRST CHOICE?
1 Glucose molecule yields 38 ATP
Oxygen required for full aerobic process
* Anaerobic (glycolysis) – only yields 2 ATP
Uses about 40% of energy stored in glucose
Rest is lost as heat
First choice for fuels – quick to break down
Lactic Acid Formation
when no O2 is available
reversible?
Reversible
need O2 at the end of ETC to make water
do not want to go into mitochondria, bc the prep step is irreversible
if no O2 is available, turn pyruvic acid into Lactic acid. Low yield, lactic acid buildup so glycolysis doesn’t stop
hide pyruvate, so need it going forward to keep making ATP to make lactic acid, keep glycolysis going
O2 availability turns lactic acid back into pyruvate
other energy stores
WHERE
GFP
Glycogen (storage form of glucose)- Can quickly convert to glucose. 1% of total energy reserves. QUICK
- liver
Fats: 78% of total energy reserves
Triglycerides have twice the energy of carbohydrates
- liver
Proteins: 21% of total energy reserves
Have the same amount of energy as carbohydrates
* But require energy for processing
