DNA tech and genomics

Question 1

What is biotechnology

breakthroughs

Recombinant DNA

Answer 1

Use of living organisms to do practical tasks
Eg:
cheese and wine – making
Selective breeding of livestock and crops
Production of antibiotics from microorganisms
Production of monoclonal antibodies
Insulin
Commercially made with bacteria in 1982
Rice
Enriched with beta- carotene and iron
Bananas
Edible hepatitis vaccine

recombined DNA
DNA made in vitro(flask) from various DNA pieces
Allows for DNA sequencing
Allows for Gene manipulation and production

take out a specific gene

Question 2

ON TEST
Restriction enzyme in recombinant DNA

Plasmids

Answer 2

Cuts DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences (restriction sites)
Can then splice or copy DNA

Produces fragments with “sticky
ends” can bond with “sticky ends” of other fragments

DNA ligase
Seals connects restriction fragments

small circular pieces of DNA to which desired genes can be added and inserted into bacteria for amplification

Question 2

CRISPR

ELISA

electrophoresis
(how is restriction enzyme used in this)

Answer 2

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
Immune response in bacteria
Can remove defective segments or insert new gene segments into DNA

Test for expression of many genes at once
* Can reveal patterns of gene expression in different
kinds of cells
isolate mRNA, and tell us if a gene is present or not

DNA can be separated based on size and charge
Eg. Phosphates are negatively charged
- everyone has a unique pattern, CAN FIND CRIMINALS USING IT

Cut human genome at distinct DNA sequences
Unique to each person’s DNA Produces a DNA fingerprint

Question 3

DNA CLONING

uses

Answer 3

cut DNA with restriction enzymes, put it into a plasmid, makes recombinant DNA, put into bacteria to replicate.

production of multiple copies of one gene or DNA segment for mass production of a protein or enzyme. using bacteria and plasmids

Forensic science
- Agriculture
- Pest control
Medicine
- Vaccines, disease
- Growth hormone
Environment
- Toxin removal

Question 4

Copying DNA
PCR

PCR applications

Answer 4

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA makes millions
Rapid process

• Genetic testing and disease diagnosis
• Forensic DNA analysis
• Paternity testing
• DNA cloning

Question 5

Gene therapy

uses and problems

Transgenics
- Agriculture

what has transgenic bacteria been used to produce

examples of transgenic food

Answer 5

alteration of gene
potential for treating disorders of a single defective gene. can isolate one gene and replace it.
Uses various vectors for delivery of genes
Eg. retrovirus

Large-scale production of human hormones
Production of safer vaccines
Curing of genetic-based diseases(Technology not there yet)
————————————————
DNA from one species is inserted into another bacteria or other animals
For gene manipulation and genetic engineering

improve productivity and quality, CHOICE OF TRAITS
- insert genes for larger plant size
- better flavour or coat
- faster growth
- resistance to disease
- longer shelf life

Insulin
Human growth hormone
Erythropoietin
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Factor VIII (blood clotting factor needed by many
hemophiliacs)
Vaccines

FOOD:
Vitamin A rice
Ventria rice, produces proteins

Question 6

Gene therapy hope for the future

human transgenics - germ line therapy and somatic gene therapy

Vectors transfer in human cells

Answer 6

Gene therapy:
- Introduction of human genes into human cells to
treat or correct a disease
Obstacles:
- Difficult to introduce genes into the “right” cells, where the genes would normally be expressed
- Need effective means of delivering genes, RETRO VIRUS
- Can corrective genes be introduced into reproductive cells to stop the passing of defective genes to offspring?
——————————-
Germ-line gene therapy
- Transgenic cells into stem cells
- Whole organism
Somatic gene therapy
- Cells injected into tissue
- To correct disease
Eg. pancreas
————————————–
Retroviruses:
Human genes packaged in retroviruses
and introduced into human cells
Problems with retroviral vectors:
* Will only insert genes into dividing cells
* Insertion sites are random
Liposomes
phospholipid capsule with DNA
Injecting naked DNA
All of these methods are experimental

Question 7

Transgenics animals

Answer 7

Contain genes from other organisms
Injected desired gene into cell and incorporated
Bigger challenges:
More difficult to introduce foreign DNA into
animal cells
Cloning more difficult
Eg. Bovine growth hormone used to promote faster animal growth

human genes inserted into cows for desired human protein in cows milk

Question 8

Animal cloning

nuclear transplantation
- problems

Answer 8

Totipotent cell
capable of generating a complete new organism
Cloning
Using one or more somatic cells to make
another genetically identical individual

The nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell
Low success rate

Most animals don’t develop normally
Most have a short life – health / social
problems

Question 8

SCID, and hope for the future

target cancer and cystic fibrosis

Answer 8

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID):

Inherited disorder
- Lack an enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA)
- Deficiency of B and T cells
- Highly susceptible to infections
- Gene therapy
attempts to introduce the gene for ADA into
patient’s T cells and reintroduce the genetically
modified T cells into the patient
There have been some encouraging results

Cystic fibrosis
experimentally delivering the “normal” gene in a viral vector to the recipient in a nasal spray. Results are slightly encouraging
Cancer:
Add genes for interleukins into cancer cells
Incorporate gene for a foreign protein into
cancer cells
Insert genes for proteins that initiate apoptosis
into cancer cells

Question 9

Cell differentiation between a liver cells and heart

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
- HOW

Answer 9

and cells have the same DNA, which genes expressed determine its function and location. Determined by conditions while dividing

iPSC’s
Take a more specialized cell and “reverse” it into a multi-potent or pluripotent stem cell

E.g. from skin or blood
Must know the right “triggers” to accomplish this

Question 10

Plants in cloning

STEM cell

• Plutipotent
• Totipotent
• Multi potent
• uni potents

how are pluripotent or totipotent changed

Answer 10

can become any type of cell in a plant. Totipotent

• relatively unspecialized cell
• Can reproduces indefinitely
• Can differentiate into many types of specialized
  cells - given appropriate conditions

Totipotent
- Can become any cell, it is embryonic
Pluripotent
- Can become all types of, adult cells (not embryonic)
- Bone marrow
Multi-potent
- Can become many types of cells
Uni-potent
- Can become one type
E.g. skin

PLURIPOTENT and TOTIPOTENT are changed based on the message and chemicals they are receiving