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YEAR 2 MED > Physiology bits > Flashcards

Physiology bits Flashcards

1
Q

Which kind of alveolar cell secretes surfactant?

A

Type 2 alveolar cell

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2
Q

What physiological parameter is most closely related to afterload?
.
a) Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
b) arterial elastance
c) central venous pressure
d) end-diastolic volume
e) end-systolic volume

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

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3
Q

Does prescribing beta blockers to patients with ischaemic heart disease increase or decrease coronary perfusion time?

A

Beta-blockers reduce heart rate –> increasing coronary perfusion time

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4
Q

Does an elevated expiratory reserve volume describe an obstructive or restrictive spirometry pattern?

A

Obstructive

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5
Q

To increase respiratory rate, chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to what stimuli?

A

increased CO2 in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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6
Q

Which nerve is involved in blood pressure information being transferred from baroreceptors to the nervous system?

A

via the 9th cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal nerve)

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7
Q

What stimulates central chemoreceptors?

A

H+ ions

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8
Q

In response to muscarinic blockade, what do the bronchi do?

A

Bronchodilation –> muscarinic receptors receive parasympathetic innervation, which leads to bronchoconstriction –> therefore blockade of these receptors results in bronchodilation

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9
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) equations (two equations)

A

MAP (mean arterial pressure) = CO (cardiac output) x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

  • MAP = arterial diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
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10
Q

Where does the fastest conduction of an impulse occur in the cardiac conducting system?

A

Purkinje fibres –> specialised conduction fibres

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11
Q

In chronic hypercapnia, the central chemoreceptors become less sensitive to CSF pH changes caused by the high levels of CO2 –> what is responsible for respiratory drive in chronic hypercapnia?

A

Arterial oxygen levels –> chemoreceptors become reliant on the hypoxic drive instead

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12
Q

Central chemoreceptors are involved in regulating breathing.

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

Ventral medulla

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13
Q

Where are capillaries with open pores in the endothelium found?

A

Hepatocytes

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14
Q

The Frank-Starling curve of the heart shows one variable being proportional to another variable under normal physiological circumstances.

What are the two variables that are linked via this curve?

A

Stroke volume and preload

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15
Q

At which point of the cardiac cycle does the highest volume of blood flow through the coronary arteries?

A

Ventricular diastole

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16
Q

Alveolar ventilation equation linking tidal volume and physiological dead space

A
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17
Q

High altitude –> what ABG is likely (pt is short of breath and lightheaded)

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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18
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

ERV is the additional volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled below tidal volume

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19
Q

On the Frank-Starling curve, which variables are usually placed on the X-axis and Y-axis?

A
20
Q

Describe the baroreflex mechanism of the cardiovascular system and how it detects and stops a drop in blood pressure

A
  • A decrease in MAP reduces the stretch on the baroreceptors
  • As a result, baroreceptors send less signals to the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve to the medulla
  • The sympathetic NS is therefore activated to increase the blood pressure
21
Q

In emphysema, is lung compliance increased or decreased?

A

Increased –> due to loss of elastic tissue so less recoil and therefore lungs expand too much (hyperinflation) –> results in barrel (hyperexpanded) chest

22
Q

Valsalva manoeuvre

A

The patient is asked to breathe out forcefully while closing their mouth and pinching their nose shut

23
Q

Vital capacity is what?

A
  • the maximal volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximal inhalation or a full breath
    .
  • Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
24
Q

Infective exacerbation of COPD –> what acid-base balance disorder is most likely? (shallow breaths)

A

Respiratory acidosis

25
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that can be inhaled after a quiet inhalation

26
Q

Does pulmonary fibrosis increase or decrease lung compliance?

A

Decreases lung compliance –> tissue is all fibrosed so doesn’t expand much

27
Q

What is the main function of autoregulation?

A

Maintaining constant blood flow in organs such as the kidney and brain

(autoregulation is the process of maintaining constant arterial pressure)

28
Q

Which ion channels are open during the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?

A

Calcium channels and potassium channels

29
Q

What is the main determinant of diastolic blood pressure?

A

Total peripheral resistance
- An increase in vascular resistance, such as scarring or hardening of the blood vessels, will cause an increase in diastolic blood pressure

30
Q

Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space = ?

A

Physiological dead space

31
Q

Which feature of cardiac myocytes allows for the transmission of ions between adjacent cells?

A
  • Cardiac myocytes contain intercalated discs which join myocytes together and enable transmission of ions between adjacent myocytes
    –> This movement of ions allows synchronised contraction of the myocardium
32
Q

Which ions are responsible for the generation of the “funny” current?

A
  • Sodium ions and potassium ions

–> The funny current is a mixed sodium and potassium current which is activated by hyperpolarisation (rather than depolarisation)
–> One of the reasons why it is termed a “funny” current is due to a mixture of sodium and potassium ions being involved, rather than just one type of ion

33
Q

Which of the following options describes the events which occur during the rapid repolarisation phase of the cardiac action potential?

A

Rapid efflux of potassium ions causes a sharp decrease in membrane potential

34
Q

What type of hypoxia can be caused by cyanide poisoning?

A
  • Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when the body’s cells are unable to utilize oxygen, even though there may be adequate oxygen levels in the blood
35
Q

Which region of the heart does the pulmonary vein drain into?

A

Left atrium

36
Q

Pulmonary oedema –> which chamber of the heart is affected?

A

Left ventricle

37
Q

Peripheral oedema –> which chamber of the heart is affected?

A

Right ventricle

38
Q

Which of the following is responsible for opening ryanodine receptors during contraction in cardiac myocytes, causing a release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum stores?

A

Ca 2+ ion influx

39
Q

Which of the following options describes the state of the sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) channels during the depolarisation phase of the cardiac action potential?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, L-type Ca2+ channels open, voltage-gated K+ channels closed

40
Q

What kind of molecule is surfactant?

A

Phospholipid

41
Q

Which of the following options shows the correct equation relating blood flow, pressure and resistance in a blood vessel?

A

Flow = Change in pressure/Resistance

42
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the pathophysiology of a reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) in a patient with kyphoscoliosis?

A

The abnormal curvature of the spine reduces chest wall compliance during inspiration

43
Q

Which of the following is taken up by macrophages to develop foam cells?

A
  • LDL
    –> LDL is oxidised as part of the atherosclerotic pathway, and is then phagocytosed by macrophages in the vessel wall
    –> These macrophages become known as foam cells
44
Q

In which blood vessel is there the largest fall in blood pressure and velocity?

A

Arterioles

45
Q

In terms of local control of blood flow, what substance is the most potent vasoconstrictor?

A
  • Endothelin
    –> Its production is stimulated by angiotensin II and vasopressin, among other mediators
46
Q

Does obesity cause increased or decreased lung compliance?

A

Decreased
–> Obesity causes mechanical compression of the diaphragm, lungs and chest cavity

YEAR 2 MED (16 decks)

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