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Reproductive System > Physiology - Basic Reproductive System (Male) > Flashcards

Physiology - Basic Reproductive System (Male) Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of cells are sperm cells produced from?

A

Primordial germ cells

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2
Q

What is the length of the average spermatogenesis cycle?

A

64 days

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3
Q

What are the 2 distinct phases in sperm development (spermatogenesis)?

A
  • Spermatocytogenesis - Clonal expansion and maturation through mitotic and meiotic process
  • Spermiogenesis - Differentiation into mature sperm cells
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4
Q

What does the process of sperm production begin and end?

A

Process starts at puberty and continues lifelong

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5
Q

What are the names used to describe the cells at each stage of production?

A
  • Spermatogonia A
  • Spermatogonia B
  • Spermatocyte I
  • Spermatocye II
  • Spermatid
  • Sperm
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6
Q

What are the names used to describe the cells at each stage of production?

A
  • Spermatogonia A
  • Spermatogonia B
  • Spermatocyte I
  • Spermatocye II
  • Spermatid
  • Sperm
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7
Q

How many mitotic divisions are there in sperm production?

A

1

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8
Q

What occurs in the mitotic division stage?

A

Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte-duplication, diploid chromosomes number

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9
Q

How many meiotic divisions are there in sperm production?

A

2

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10
Q

What occurs in the first meiotic division?

A

Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte, two cells with haploid chromosome number

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11
Q

What occurs in the second meiotic division?

A

Secondary spermatocyte to spermatid, two cells with haploid chromosome number

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12
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Maturation of spermatids into functional sperm

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13
Q

What factors can affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Medical
  • Lifestyle
  • Combination
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14
Q

What are the 2 kinds of medical factors affecting spermatogenesis?

A
  • Pretesticular - Problem with the hormonal control

* Testicular - Problem at the site of production

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15
Q

What are pretesticular medical factors affecting spermatogenesis?

A
  • Functional - excessive weight loss, gain
  • Intracranial tumours, cysts, bleed
  • Prolactinoma
  • Medications - opiates, external testosterone, steroids (body building)
  • Genetic - Kallmann’s syndrome
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16
Q

What are testicular medical factors affecting spermatogenesis?

A
  • Surgery - orchidectomy, orchidopexy
  • STI
  • Mumps orchitis
  • Testicular trauma or torsion
  • Radiotherapy or chemotherapy
  • Genetic - Klinefelter’s (46 XXY), Y-chromosome microdeletion
17
Q

What are the lifestyle/environmental factors affecting spermatogenesis?

A 
THESE ARE REVERSIBLE IN MEN
•Smoking
•Obesity
•Traffic/diesel exhaust
•Chemical exposure
•Sedentary position - heat exposure
18
Q

What are some steps to reduce the impact of factors affecting fertility?

A
  • Improve lifestyle- normal BMI, stop smoking, alcohol in recommended limits, healthy diet, exercise, adjustments to occupational exposure
  • Optimise underlying medical condition
  • Stop medications or switch to alternative pregnancy compatible medications
  • Reduce STI risk and treat promptly if diagnosed.
  • Fertility preservation - sperm freezing prior to surgery or cancer treatment
19
Q

What are the 3 types of cells present in the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Germ cells - produce sperm
  • Sertoli/sustentacular cells - support sperm producing cell, PRODUCE INHIBIN
  • Interstitial (Leydig) cells - produce testosterone
20
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the testes?

A
  • Sperm production

* Testosterone production

21
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A
  • Male secondary sexual characters

* Controls spermatogenesis

22
Q

Which reproduction hormones are involved in the control of testicular function and where are they released from?

A
  • GnRH - Gonadotrophin releasing hormone, produced from hypothalamus
  • Gonadotrophins - FSH and LH, released from anterior pituitary
  • Testosterone - released from testicles
23
Q

How do LH and FSH from the pituitary affect the testes?

A

They stimulate spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion by the testes
INTERACTION OF HORMONES

24
Q

What is the action of testosterone and inhibin on other hormones?

A

They inhibit the secretion of GnRH by th hypothalamus and LH & FSH by the pituitary

25
Q

What are some examinations/investigations used to assess male reproductive health?

A
  • BMI
  • Genital examination - external genitalia, testicular size, palpation of vas deferens, inguinal hernia, varicocoele
  • USS testis
  • Hormonal profile - FSH, LH, Testosterone, Prolactin
  • Genetic test - Karyotype, Y-chromosome microdeletion
26
Q

What are some pretesticular causes of infertility?

A
  • Systemic illness, local malignancy
  • Chemoradiotherapy, prolactinoma, Kallman’s(GnRH deficiency, genetic),
  • Steroid/testosterone/medication use
  • Extreme exercise, weight gain or loss (functional hypothalamic)
27
Q

What are some testicular causes of infertility?

A
  • STI
  • Testes trauma or torsion
  • Surgery - orchidopexy, orchidectomy, inguinal hernia repair
  • Varicocoele
  • Genetic - Klinefelter, cystic fibrosis, Kartangener’s syndrome
28
Q

What are some lifestyle causes of infertility?

A
  • Heat affecting testicles
  • Smoking
  • High BMI
  • Excessive alcohol
  • Recreational drug use
  • Occupation - exposure to chemicals/ heavy metal/radiation
29
Q

How may a clinical examination suggest male infertility?

A
  • High BMI
  • Small testicles, varicocoele, surgical scar- testicular cause
  • Absence of vas deferens - cystic fibrosis
30
Q

How may a hormonal profile indicate male infertility?

A
  • Low FSH, LH, Prolactin, testoserone- Hypothalamus or Pituitary cause (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)
  • High Prolactin - Prolactinoma
  • High FSH, LH but low testosterone - Testicular cause (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism)
31
Q

How may a testes USS indicate male infertility?

A
  • Testicular volume
  • Hydrocoele
  • Varicocoele
  • Cancer

Reproductive System (31 decks)

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