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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a phospholipid?

A

Hydrophobic tail + hydrophilic head

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2
Q

Bonds between phospholipids are strong. True/False?

A

False

Bonds are weak - explains the fluid nature of the membrane

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3
Q

Cholesterol contributes to which two aspects of the membrane?

A

Fluidity and stability

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4
Q

What are the 3 main types of proteins found on the membrane?

A

Integral (receptors)
Transmembrane (channels, transporters)
Peripheral (enzymes)

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5
Q

The glycocalyx layer is formed by…

A

Short carbohydrate chains bound to proteins and lipids

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6
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Adhering junctions that anchor cells together

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7
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Join lateral edges of epithelial cells near their apical membranes

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8
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions that allow movement of charge between adjacent cells

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9
Q

2 main factors that influence whether a particle can passively permeate the membrane

A 
Lipid solubility (non-polar pass easily)
Size
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10
Q

Diffusion is movement from ___ to ___ concentration

A

High to low

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11
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion describes the rate of net diffusion and is made up of…

A 
Magnitude of concentration gradient
Surface area available for diffusion
Lipid solubility 
Molecular weight of substance
Distance over which diffusion must occur
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12
Q

Osmolarity is defined as…

A

The number of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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13
Q

How is osmolarity calculated?

A

Using molar concentration (mM) and number of osmotically active particles (n)

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14
Q

150mM NaCl has osmolarity = ?

A

150 x 2 (Na+ and Cl-) = 300mOsm

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15
Q

A hypotonic solution will ____ in cell volume

A

Increase (needs mOre water)

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16
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires energy. True/False?

A

False

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17
Q

Active transport transfers a substance from high to low concentration. True/False?

A

False

Low to high

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18
Q

_ Na+ out for every _ K+ in with regards to Na-K pump

A

3, 2

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19
Q

Secondary active transport occurs by which 2 mechanisms? Define them

A

Symport (co-transport): solute and ion move in same direction
Antiport: solute and ion move in opposite directions

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20
Q

Membrane potential (Em) arises due to…

A

Separation of opposite charges across the membrane

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21
Q

At resting potential, the membrane is 100x more permeable to sodium than potassium. True/False?

A

False

100x more permeable to K+ than Na+

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22
Q

Em for K+ is approx…

A

-90mV

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23
Q

Em for Na+ is approx…

24
Q

Nernst equation

A

Eion = 61log[ion]o / [ion]i

25
Membrane potential is much closer to the potential of Na+ ions. True/False?
False | Much closer to Ek+ due to greater permeablity of K+
26
Em for a typical nerve cell at rest = ?
-70mV
27
GHK equation (used to calculate membrane resting potential)
Em = 61log x PK+[K+]o + PNa+[Na+]o / PK+[K+]i + PNa+[Na+]i
28
Which receptors control mean arterial BP? Where are the receptors, control centre + effectors located?
Baroreceptors, located in aortic arch + carotid sinus Control centre: medulla oblongata Effectors: heart + blood vessels
29
Normal range for MAP?
70-105 mmHg
30
Formulae for calculating MAP?
``` MAP = [(2x diastolic) + systolic]/3 MAP = diastolic + [systolic - diastolic]/3 MAP = CO x TPR ```
31
MAP of at least __ mmHg is needed to perfuse coronary arteries, brain and kidneys
60 mmHg
32
Firing rate in baroreceptors ____ when MAP increases
Increases | sensitive to stretch: when you stretch them, firing increases
33
Cardiac output (CO) is...
The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute (SV x HR)
34
Stroke Volume (SV) is...
Volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per heart beat
35
Increasing contractile strength of the heart causes stroke volume to ____
Increase
36
Vasomotor tone is described as...
Vascular smooth muscle being constricted at rest
37
Normal blood glucose level
Around 5 mmol/l
38
In the absorptive + post-absorptive states, which hormones control [glucose]p
Insulin and glucagon
39
In emergencies, which hormone control [glucose]p
Adrenaline
40
In starvation, which hormones control [glucose]p
Cortisol, GH
41
In pancreatic islet cells, _ cells release glucagon, _ cells release insulin and _ cells release somatostatin
alpha, beta, delta
42
Insulin lowers [glucose]p by...
Stimulating uptake of glucose by muscle and fat cells | Activating liver enzymes to convert glucose into glycogen
43
Diabetics can increase GLUT4 expression by doing what?
Exercising
44
Glucagon increases [glucose]p by...
Increasing glycogenolysis/inhibiting glycogen synthesis
45
Cortisol increases [glucose]p by...
Stimulating protein catabolism, lypolysis and gluconeogenesis
46
Core body temperature is about...
37.8'C
47
Basal metabolic rate is defined as...
The minimum amount of energy required to sustain body functions
48
Which receptors monitor body heat? Where are they, the control centre and effectors located?
Thermoreceptors, located in the hypothalamus and skin Control centre: hypothalamus Effectors: skeletal muscles, skin arterioles, sweat glands
49
The posterior hypothalamus is activated by cold. True/False?
True
50
Fever is temperature between...
38-40'C
51
Hyperthermia is temperature...
> 40'C
52
Hypothermia is temperature below...
35'C
53
Which Cranial Nerve delivers information from the carotid baroreceptors to the Medulla?
CN IX
54
Which Cranial Nerve delivers information from the aortic baroreceptors to the Medulla?
CN X
55
Which area of the hypothalamus is activated by warmth?
Anterior

Principles (9 decks)

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