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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain…

A

Purple

Stain well due to thick peptidoglycan layer

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2
Q

Gram negative bacteria stain…

A

Pink

Thinner peptidoglycan layer doesn’t retain stain well

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3
Q

Endotoxin is produced by…

A

Gram negative bacteria

Part of the cell wall

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4
Q

Exotoxin is produced by…

A

Gram positive bacteria
Exported from the cell

As well as specific gram negative bacteria such as E.coli, Shigella and V. cholerae

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5
Q

Gram positive cocci in chains are?

A

Streptococci

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6
Q

Gram positive cocci in clusters are?

A

Staphylococci

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7
Q

The test to classify different Streptococci spp.?

A

Haemolysis
Alpha (partial) - Strep. pneumoniae + viridans
Beta (complete) - Group A (pyogenes) and B Strep.
Gamma (none) - Enterococcus sp.

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8
Q

Examples of: Alpha-haemolytic Streptococci?

A

Strep. pneumoniae + “viridans” group

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9
Q

Examples of: Beta-haemolytic Streptococci?

A

Group A Strep. (Strep. pyogenes), Group B Strep.

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10
Q

Examples of: Non-haemolytic Streptococci?

A

Enterococcus sp.

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11
Q

The test to distinguish Staphylococcus aureus from other Staph. spp.?

A

Coagulase test
+‘ve = Staph. aureus
-‘ve = other Staph. spp. (common skin commensals)

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12
Q

Treatment of choice for Staph. aureus infection?

A

Flucloxacillin

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13
Q

Examples of gram negative cocci in pairs (diplococci)

A

Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (often appears intracellular)

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14
Q

Some examples of Gram negative bacilli

A 
Bordetella
H. influenzae
Coliforms incl. E.coli
Pseudomonas
Campylobacter
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15
Q

Examples of coliforms that are gut commensals

A

E. coli
Klebsiella sp.
Proteus sp.

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16
Q

Examples of coliforms that are gut pathogens

A

Salmonella sp.
Shigella sp.
E. coli 0157 (risk from petting zoos)

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17
Q

The name of the toxin produced by E. coli 0157 is…

A

Verotoxin (VTEC) - or shigella-like toxin

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18
Q

Treatment of choice for coliform infections?

A

First-line: Gentamicin

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19
Q

Examples of strict aerobes (2)

A

Pseudomonas sp. (Gram negative bacilli)

Legionella sp. (Gram negative bacilli)

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20
Q

Examples of strict anaerobes (2)

A

Clostridium spp. (Gram positive bacilli)

Bacteroides spp. (Gram negative bacilli)

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21
Q

Treatment of choice for anaerobic infections?

A

Metronidazole

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22
Q

Genetic variation in bacteria is dangerous because…

A

Resistance to antibiotics may develop.

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23
Q

Gene transfer: Transformation

A

DNA from dead bacteria is taken up by living bacteria and incorporated into plasmids/bacterial chromosome.

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24
Q

Gene transfer: Conjugation

A

Sex pilus forms between bacteria to allow transfer of plasmid DNA.

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25
Gene transfer: Transduction
Viruses (or phages) can transfer bacterial DNA between cells they infect.
26
The 5 methods of spread of infection are...
Inhalation, Ingestion, Inoculation, mother to Infant, Intercourse
27
Viruses contain RNA or DNA, never both. True/False?
True | Size of their capsid (protein coat) limits space
28
Bactericidal antibiotics inhibit cell growth. True/False?
False - Kill bacteria directly bacteriostatic inhibits cell growth
29
Vancomycin is part of which family of antibiotics?
Glycopeptides
30
Penicillins, cephalosporins and glycopeptides act on the bacterial ___ ___
Cell wall
31
Penicillins are bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver
Bactericidal, safe in pregnancy, kidneys
32
Benzylpenicillin is given IV and is AKA penicillin V. True/False?
False | Penicillin G; phenoxymethyl-penicillin is AKA penicillin V
33
Flucloxacillin is a ___ spectrum antibiotic. Which organisms is it effective against?
Narrow | Staph and Strep only (1st line for Staph aureus)
34
Beta lactamase destroys which antibiotic?
Amoxicillin
35
Co-amoxiclav is probs the best antibiotic to have on a desert island - why?
Treats everything apart from Pseudomonas and MRSA | Can be taken orally or IV
36
Cephalosporins are bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver
Bactericidal, safe in pregnancy, kidneys + urine
37
Glycopeptides are only active against Gram _ cell walls
Positive
38
Can you name the 3 macrolides?
Erythromycin, clarythromycin, azythromycin
39
Gentamicin belongs to which class of antibiotics?
Aminoglycosides
40
Macrolides are bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver
Bacteriostatic, erythromycin safe in pregnancy, liver
41
Gentamicin [aminoglycoside] is bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, excreted via kidneys/urine/liver
Both bacteriostatic + bactericidal, not safe in pregnancy, urine
42
Name the antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA
Metronidazole, trimethoprim +/- sulphanimide, fluoroquinolones
43
Metronidazole is bactericidal/bacteriostatic, safe/not safe in pregnancy, treats aerobes/anaerobes
Bactericidal, safe in pregnancy, anaerobes (Clostridium and Bacteroides)
44
Trimethoprim +/- sulphonamide is bactericidal/bacteriostatic, can be combined with sulphonamide to form _____
Bacteriostatic, co-trimoxazole
45
The 4 antibiotics that most commonly cause C diff infection are...
Ciprofloxacin Co-amoxiclav Clindamycin Cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)
46
What is the limitation of gram staining?
Some bacteria do not stain well e.g. Mycoplasma
47
Name the selective media that preferentially isolates S. aureus
Mannitol Salt Agar
48
When is Salmonella Shigella (selective media) used?
To inhibit coliform growth
49
Which differential growth media facilitates the identification of Enterobacteriaceae?
MacConkay Agar
50
Which differential growth media facilitates the identification of lactose fermenters such as E.coli?
Eosin and Methylene Blue (EMB)
51
What are the five moments of hand hygiene?
``` 1 - before patient contact 2- before aseptic task 3 - after risk of body fluid exposure 4 - after patient contact 5 - after contact with patient surroundings ```
52
You should never combine bacteriostatic and becteriocidal antibiotics. True/False
True
53
What are the disadvantages of penicillin antibiotics?
Hypersensitivity Resistance Rapid excretion so multiple daily doses required
54
What is clavulanic acid?
A ß-lactamase inhibitor - co-administered with amoxicillin (as co-amoxiclav) to enhance action
55
What are the adverse effects of gentamicin?
Renal toxicity CNVIII toxicity - deafness and dizziness Close blood monitoring required
56
Which antibiotics are excreted by the liver?
Macrolides - erythromycin
57
Treatment of MRSA
IV Vancomycin
58
Which bacteria causes Scarlet fever?
Group A Strep - Strep pyogenes
59
Which groups are at particular high risk of S.pneumoniae infection?
Alcoholics and individuals with hyposplenism
60
Treatment of C.difficile
Mild - PO Metronidazole | Severe - PO Vancomycin
61
How does N.meningitidis appear on film?
Gram negative dipplococci that appear intracellular
62
Treatment of E.coli O157
IV Gentamicin, followed my PO Co-trimoxazole
63
How does H.influenzae appear on film?
Coccobacillus
64
Which microorganism commonly causes respiratory infections in children?
H.influenzae
65
Treatment of H.influenzae
Amoxicillin
66
Treatment of Pseudomonas
Ciprofloxacin
67
Treatment of Bacteroides
Metronidazole
68
What stain is used for Mycoplasma?
ZN stain - identifies acid fast bacilli
69
What is the only bacteria to be routinely diagnosed by PCR?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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