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Principles > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What term is given to the developing baby from when fertilisation occurs to the end of week 2?

A

Conceptus

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2
Q

What term is given to the developing baby from week 3 to the end of week 8?

A

Embryo

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3
Q

What term is given to the developing baby from week 9 to birth?

A

Foetus

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4
Q

What are the 6 phases of embryonic development?

A 
Gametogenesis
Fertilisation
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Morphogenesis
Organogenesis
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5
Q

What occurs in gametogenesis?

A

Formation of haploid germ cells (sperm, ovum) as a result of meiosis

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6
Q

What occurs in fertilisation?

A

Formation of zygote via the fusion of the sperm and oocyte

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7
Q

What happens in cleavage?

A

Rapid mitotic cell division with no increase in size

Termed a Morula at 16+ cells and then a blastocyst

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8
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

Formation of germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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9
Q

What happens in morphogenesis?

A

Folding of embryo forms 3D human-like shape

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10
Q

What will the ectoderm go on to produce?

A

Epidermis

Nervous system

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11
Q

What will the mesoderm go on to produce?

A

Organs, bones and dermis

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12
Q

What will the endoderm go on to produce?

A

Lining of gut
Lung bud
Bladder lining
Urethra lining

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13
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Tough protein coat surrounding oocyte to give it protection

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14
Q

In cleavage, zygote divides into morula and then further into blastomeres. At which stage are blastomeres still totipotent (can give rise to any cell/structure)?

A

Up until the 8-cell stage, blastomeres are totipotent

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15
Q

What are the 4 components of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect

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16
Q

When do primary oocytes begin meiosis?

A

Week 28-30 but arrest in prophase until puberty

17
Q

What is the most common site of fertilisation?

A

Ampulla

18
Q

How does ferilisation occur?

A

Sperm binds zona pellucida glycoprotein (ZP3), acrosomal enzymes are released allowing fusion. Sperm content then enter the oocyte triggering completion of meiosis 2. Oocyte in response releases cortical granules that prevent multiple fertilisation.

19
Q

How is the trophoblast layer formed?

A

Outer cells in the merula which are in contact with ZP form extensive gap junctions. Forming the trophoblast in the blastocyst

20
Q

When does blastocyst hatching occur?

A

Day 5/6

21
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

Day 6

22
Q

What layers does the trophoblast split into?

A

Cytotrophoblast - made of individual cells

Syncytiotrophoblast - a large multinucleated cell

23
Q

Which early embryonic structure produces hCG?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

24
Q

Describe the bilaminar embryonic disc structure

A

Epiblast (dorsal) - encloses the amniotic cavity

Hypoblast (ventral) - encloses the primitive yolk sac

25
Q

By which day is implantation completed by a fibrin coagulin?

A

Day 9

26
Q

What structure is formed by the merging of vacuoles in the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Lacunae

27
Q

Which day does the connecting stalk begin to form?

A

Day 13

28
Q

When does the primitive streak appear?

A

Day 15, completed by Day 21

29
Q

What are the different areas of the mesoderm ?

A

Para-axial
Intermediate
Lateral Plate (consisting of somatic and visceral parts)

30
Q

What specifically does the para-axial mesoderm form?

A

Axial skeleton, skeletal muscle, parts of dermis (back)

31
Q

What specifically does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Urogenital systems (kidney, ureter, gonads and associated structures)

32
Q

What specifically does the somatic lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

Most of the dermis, body wall lining, parts of limbs

33
Q

What specifically does the visceral lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

CVS, mesothelial covering of organs and smooth muscle

Principles (9 decks)

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