Physiology

Question 1

Where are pseudounipolar neurons found?

Answer 1

Pseudounipolar: sensory neurons

Question 2

Where are multipolar neurons found?

Answer 2

Multipolar neurons: Purkinje cells, pyramidal cells, interneurons

Question 3

Where are the microglia derived from?

Answer 3

The mesenchyme

Question 4

Which CN leaves through the Cribriform plate?

Answer 4

CN I

Question 5

What structures leave through the Optic canal?

Answer 5

CN II and the ophthalmic artery

Question 6

What structures leave through the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 6

CN III, CN IV, CN VI, and ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 7

What structures leave though the internal aucostic meatus?

Answer 7

Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves

Question 8

What structures leave through the jugular foramen?

Answer 8

CN IX, CN X, and CN XI

Question 9

What structure leaves through the hypoglossal canal?

Answer 9

CN XII

Question 10

What are the three layers of the meninges named?

Answer 10

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 11

What are the dural folds?

Answer 11

• Falx cerebri
• Falx cerebelli
• Diaphragma sellae
• tentorium cerebelli

Question 12

What are the pia mater modifications in relation to the spinal cord?

Answer 12

• Filum terminale

- Ligamentum denticulatum

Question 13

What structures does a epidural hematoma include?

Answer 13

• Middle Meningeal Artery

- Foramen Spinosum

Question 14

What structures does a subdural hematoma include?

Answer 14

Bridging veins

Question 15

What structures does a subarachnoid hematoma include?

Answer 15

Branches of circle of Willis

Question 16

What structures leave through the foramen rotundum?

Answer 16

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 17

What structures leave through the foramen ovale?

Answer 17

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 18

What structures make up the Anterior Cranial Fossae?

Answer 18

• Crista Galli

- Cribriform Plate

Question 19

What structures make up the Middle Cranial Fossae?

Answer 19

• Trigeminal Impression

- Tegmen Tympani

Question 20

What structures make up the Posterior Cranial Fossae?

Answer 20

• Foramen Magum

- Internal Occipital Protuberance

Question 21

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal cells are all found where?

Answer 21

CNS

Question 22

Schwann cells and Capsular cells are found where?

Answer 22

PNS

Question 23

What two things are neurons usually classified by?

Answer 23

1. Shape

2. Projections

Question 24

What cell provides myelination in the CNS?

Answer 24

Oligodendrocytes

Question 25

What cell provides myelination in the PNS?

Answer 25

Schwann cells

Question 26

What are the parts of the Blood Brain Barrier

Answer 26

- Endothelium - Basement Membrane - Astrocytes

Question 27

What are the parts of the Blood CSF Barrier?

Answer 27

- Endothelium - Basement Membrane - Choroid cells

Question 28

What kind of herniation is caused when the cerebrum is pushed against the skull or tentorium? What can this lead to?

Answer 28

Supratentorial Herniation; Ischemic Stroke

Question 29

What kind of herniation is caused when the cerebellum is pushed against the brainstem? What can this affect?

Answer 29

Infratentorial Herniation; can affect consciousness, respiration, and heart rate

Question 30

BBB is not present where?

Answer 30

Pituitary Area Postrema (Vomiting center) OVLT

Question 31

The meninges around the brain and spinal cord are continuous at the ___

Answer 31

Foramen magnum

Question 32

Where are bipolar neurons found?

Answer 32

Bipolar neurons: olfactory, retinal cells

Question 33

How many cells will each schwann cell myelinate?

Answer 33

Each cells will myelinate one axon

Question 34

What is the outermost layer of the schwann cell lamellae called?

Answer 34

The outer most layer of the Schwann cell lamellae is called neurolemma

Question 35

What are autoimmune reactions to the PNS myelin may be associated with?

Answer 35

Guillain Barre syndrome

Question 36

What cell type plays a major role in electrolyte balance?

Answer 36

Astrocytes

Question 37

What are astrocytes highly susceptible to?

Answer 37

Astrocytes are highly susceptible to the formation of neoplasms

Question 38

What do astrocytes produce?

Answer 38

Neurotrophic factors necessary for neuronal survival

Question 39

How many cells do oligodendrocytes myelinate?

Answer 39

Each cell will myelinate nearly 40-50 neurons

Question 40

What do oligodendrocytes produce?

Answer 40

Oligodendrocytes also produce nerve growth factors

Question 41

What does autoimmune reactions to the CNS Myelin results in?

Answer 41

Multiple sclerosis

Question 42

What are the layers of the cerebrum?

Answer 42

``` Molecular layer Outer granular layer Outer pyramidal layer Inner granular layer Inner pyramidal layer Polymorphic layer ```

Question 43

What are the layers of the cerebellum?

Answer 43

1. Molecular layer 2. Purkinje layer 3. Granular layer