Physiology

Question 1

What does gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) release in females?

Answer 1

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

LH (Leutinising hormone)

Question 2

What are the reproductive steroid hormones in females?

Answer 2

Estrogen(estradiol, estrone, estriol), Progesterone, Testosterone

Question 3

Where are estrogen and progesterone released from in females?

Answer 3

Ovaries

Question 4

When does estrogen exhibit positive feedback on the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary?

Answer 4

Day 12-14 on the cycle

Question 5

When does estrogen exhibit negative feedback on the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary?

Answer 5

Most of the cycle

Question 6

Which hormone is higher at the beginning of the ovarian cycle - progesterone/estrogen?

Answer 6

Estrogen

Question 7

Which hormone is higher at the end of the ovarian cycle - progesterone/estrogen?

Answer 7

Progesterone

Question 8

What does a follicle become upon expelling a secondary oocyte in the menstrual cycle (ovulation)?

Answer 8

Corpus Luteum

Question 9

When does meiosis begin in a female?

Answer 9

Intra-uterine, before birth

Question 10

When does meiosis 1 arrest in females?

Answer 10

After birth

Question 11

When does meiosis 2 arrest in females?

Answer 11

At puberty (After meiosis 1 has released first polar body)

Question 12

When does meiosis 2 resume in females?

Answer 12

At fertilisation (Releasing second polar body)

Question 13

And what stage in the cell cycle is meiosis 1 arrested in females?

Answer 13

Prophase

Question 14

What happens to fertility with age in females?

Answer 14

It decreases

Question 15

What is the result to the uterine lining at the end of the menstrual cycle if pregnancy does not take place?

Answer 15

Menstruation

Question 16

What is the function of germ cells in the male?

Answer 16

Production of sperm

Question 17

What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male?

Answer 17

Support sperm producing cells

Production of inhibin (Inhibits FSH - Neg Feedback)

Question 18

What is the function of Leydig cells in the male?

Answer 18

Production of Testosterone

Question 19

What is the function of FSH in the male?

Answer 19

Spermatogenesis

Question 20

What is the function of androgens in the male?

Answer 20

Secondary sex characteristics

Support sperm producing cells

Question 21

When does meiosis occur in males?

Answer 21

Begins in puberty, continues throughout life

Question 22

What factors can affect oogenesis/spermatogenesis from the site of hormonal control?

Answer 22

Problems with the hypothalamus;
Genetic (Klinefelters),
Tumours (Craniopharyngioma), Medications, Functional (stress, exercise, weight loss)

Question 23

What factors can affect oogenesis/spermatogenesis from the site of production?

Answer 23

Problems at site of production;
Genetic, 
Cancer treatment induced, 
Surgery (Vasectomy), 
Trauma, 
Infections

Question 24

Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum towards the end of the uterine cycle?

Answer 24

Progesterone

Question 25

What are the different stages in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 25

``` Primordial follicle > Primary follicle > Theca Cells > Mature (Graffian) Follicle > Ovulation > Young corpus luteum > Corpus luteum > Corpus albicans ```

Question 26

What is the role of FSH from anterior pituitary in females?

Answer 26

Stimulate follicle recruitment and development

Question 27

What is the role of LH from anterior pituitary in females?

Answer 27

Maintain dominant follicle, induce follicular maturation and ovulation, stimulate CL function

Question 28

What is the role of oestradiol from granulosa cells in females?

Answer 28

- Supports secondary sexual characteristics - Negative feedback of LH and GnRH - EXCEPT for late follicular phase - positive control of LH surge - Stimulates proliferative endometrium - negative control of FSH

Question 29

What is the role of progesterone from CL in females?

Answer 29

- Maintenance of secretory endometrium | - Negative feedback of HPO

Question 30

Which hormone stimulates ovulation in females?

Answer 30

LH (leutinising hormone) - LH surge!

Question 31

Which hormone helps to repair endometrium lining in females?

Answer 31

Estrogen

Question 32

List potential targets for oestrogens in females?

Answer 32

``` Uterus Mammary gland Bone maturation + turnover CNS Anterior pituitary Fat distribution ```

Question 33

What are some systemic effects of oestrogens in females?

Answer 33

Protein, CHO, Lipid metabolism Water + Electrolyte balance Blood clotting

Question 34

What structure is responsible for production of the majority of seminal fluid in males?

Answer 34

Seminal vesicle

Question 35

List potential targets for testosterone in males?

Answer 35

``` Male sex organs (Growth, sprematogenesis, prostate growth + function) Liver (Serum protein synth) Skin (Hair, balding, sebum) Brain (Libido, mood) Muscle (Strength, volume) Kidney (EPO) Bone marrow (Stem cells stimulation) Bone (Accelerated closure of epiphyses) ```

Question 36

What structure releases FSH and LH?

Answer 36

Pituitary gland

Question 37

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 37

Follicular Phase | Luteal Phase

Question 38

What is the function of LH in males?

Answer 38

Triggers Leydig/Interstital cells to produce testosterone

Question 39

What happens to progesterone levels after fertilisation?

Answer 39

Continue to rise

Question 40

What does progesterone do to the endometrium?

Answer 40

- Progesterone stops uterine lining from shedding - maintains uterine thickness - Encourages decidua formation

Question 41

What is the name given to cells on the outer layer of the fertilised egg?

Answer 41

Trophoblasts

Question 42

What structures do trophoblasts cells go on to form?

Answer 42

Placenta and membranes

Question 43

What hormone is produced by trophoblast cells?

Answer 43

B-hCG (Beta - human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)

Question 44

What is the target of B-hCG?

Answer 44

Corpus luteum in ovary

Question 45

What is the function of B-hCG?

Answer 45

Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progestogen. Stops uterine lining from chedding.

Question 46

What structures invade mother's blood vessels to provide the chorion with blood?

Answer 46

Trophoblast cells (cover Chorionic villi)

Question 47

What do the methylated maternal genes in ovaries promote?

Answer 47

Early baby growth

Question 48

What do the methylated paternal genes in ovaries promote?

Answer 48

Early placenta growth

Question 49

Does glucose cross the placenta?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

What may diabetes in pregnancy do to size of the baby?

Answer 50

Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia - may lead to intrauterine death and massive growth

Question 51

What is considered mild chronic hypertension in a patient <20 weeks pregnant?

Answer 51

Diastolic BP - 90-99 | Systolic BP - 140-49

Question 52

Why do insulin requirements of the mother increase during pregnancy?

Answer 52

Human placental lactogen, progesterone, HCG, cortisol all have anti-insulin action

Question 53

Why is pregnancy a hypercoaguable state?

Answer 53

- Increase in fibrinogen factor 8, vW factor, platelets - Decrease in natural anticoagulants - antithrombin III - Increase in fibrinolysis