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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) release in females?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

LH (Leutinising hormone)

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2
Q

What are the reproductive steroid hormones in females?

A

Estrogen(estradiol, estrone, estriol), Progesterone, Testosterone

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3
Q

Where are estrogen and progesterone released from in females?

A

Ovaries

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4
Q

When does estrogen exhibit positive feedback on the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary?

A

Day 12-14 on the cycle

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5
Q

When does estrogen exhibit negative feedback on the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary?

A

Most of the cycle

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6
Q

Which hormone is higher at the beginning of the ovarian cycle - progesterone/estrogen?

A

Estrogen

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7
Q

Which hormone is higher at the end of the ovarian cycle - progesterone/estrogen?

A

Progesterone

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8
Q

What does a follicle become upon expelling a secondary oocyte in the menstrual cycle (ovulation)?

A

Corpus Luteum

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9
Q

When does meiosis begin in a female?

A

Intra-uterine, before birth

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10
Q

When does meiosis 1 arrest in females?

A

After birth

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11
Q

When does meiosis 2 arrest in females?

A

At puberty (After meiosis 1 has released first polar body)

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12
Q

When does meiosis 2 resume in females?

A

At fertilisation (Releasing second polar body)

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13
Q

And what stage in the cell cycle is meiosis 1 arrested in females?

A

Prophase

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14
Q

What happens to fertility with age in females?

A

It decreases

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15
Q

What is the result to the uterine lining at the end of the menstrual cycle if pregnancy does not take place?

A

Menstruation

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16
Q

What is the function of germ cells in the male?

A

Production of sperm

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17
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells in the male?

A

Support sperm producing cells

Production of inhibin (Inhibits FSH - Neg Feedback)

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18
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells in the male?

A

Production of Testosterone

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19
Q

What is the function of FSH in the male?

A

Spermatogenesis

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20
Q

What is the function of androgens in the male?

A

Secondary sex characteristics

Support sperm producing cells

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21
Q

When does meiosis occur in males?

A

Begins in puberty, continues throughout life

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22
Q

What factors can affect oogenesis/spermatogenesis from the site of hormonal control?

A

Problems with the hypothalamus;
Genetic (Klinefelters),
Tumours (Craniopharyngioma), Medications, Functional (stress, exercise, weight loss)

23
Q

What factors can affect oogenesis/spermatogenesis from the site of production?

A 
Problems at site of production;
Genetic, 
Cancer treatment induced, 
Surgery (Vasectomy), 
Trauma, 
Infections
24
Q

Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum towards the end of the uterine cycle?

A

Progesterone

25
Q

What are the different stages in the ovarian cycle?

A 
Primordial follicle >
Primary follicle >
Theca Cells >
Mature (Graffian) Follicle >
Ovulation > 
Young corpus luteum >
Corpus luteum > 
Corpus albicans
26
Q

What is the role of FSH from anterior pituitary in females?

A

Stimulate follicle recruitment and development

27
Q

What is the role of LH from anterior pituitary in females?

A

Maintain dominant follicle, induce follicular maturation and ovulation, stimulate CL function

28
Q

What is the role of oestradiol from granulosa cells in females?

A
  • Supports secondary sexual characteristics
  • Negative feedback of LH and GnRH
  • EXCEPT for late follicular phase - positive control of LH surge
  • Stimulates proliferative endometrium
  • negative control of FSH
29
Q

What is the role of progesterone from CL in females?

A
  • Maintenance of secretory endometrium

- Negative feedback of HPO

30
Q

Which hormone stimulates ovulation in females?

A

LH (leutinising hormone) - LH surge!

31
Q

Which hormone helps to repair endometrium lining in females?

A

Estrogen

32
Q

List potential targets for oestrogens in females?

A 
Uterus
Mammary gland
Bone maturation + turnover
CNS
Anterior pituitary
Fat distribution
33
Q

What are some systemic effects of oestrogens in females?

A

Protein, CHO, Lipid metabolism
Water + Electrolyte balance
Blood clotting

34
Q

What structure is responsible for production of the majority of seminal fluid in males?

A

Seminal vesicle

35
Q

List potential targets for testosterone in males?

A 
Male sex organs (Growth, sprematogenesis, prostate growth + function)
Liver (Serum protein synth)
Skin (Hair, balding, sebum)
Brain (Libido, mood)
Muscle (Strength, volume)
Kidney (EPO)
Bone marrow (Stem cells stimulation)
Bone (Accelerated closure of epiphyses)
36
Q

What structure releases FSH and LH?

A

Pituitary gland

37
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular Phase

Luteal Phase

38
Q

What is the function of LH in males?

A

Triggers Leydig/Interstital cells to produce testosterone

39
Q

What happens to progesterone levels after fertilisation?

A

Continue to rise

40
Q

What does progesterone do to the endometrium?

A
  • Progesterone stops uterine lining from shedding - maintains uterine thickness
  • Encourages decidua formation
41
Q

What is the name given to cells on the outer layer of the fertilised egg?

A

Trophoblasts

42
Q

What structures do trophoblasts cells go on to form?

A

Placenta and membranes

43
Q

What hormone is produced by trophoblast cells?

A

B-hCG (Beta - human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)

44
Q

What is the target of B-hCG?

A

Corpus luteum in ovary

45
Q

What is the function of B-hCG?

A

Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progestogen. Stops uterine lining from chedding.

46
Q

What structures invade mother’s blood vessels to provide the chorion with blood?

A

Trophoblast cells (cover Chorionic villi)

47
Q

What do the methylated maternal genes in ovaries promote?

A

Early baby growth

48
Q

What do the methylated paternal genes in ovaries promote?

A

Early placenta growth

49
Q

Does glucose cross the placenta?

A

Yes

50
Q

What may diabetes in pregnancy do to size of the baby?

A

Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia - may lead to intrauterine death and massive growth

51
Q

What is considered mild chronic hypertension in a patient <20 weeks pregnant?

A

Diastolic BP - 90-99

Systolic BP - 140-49

52
Q

Why do insulin requirements of the mother increase during pregnancy?

A

Human placental lactogen, progesterone, HCG, cortisol all have anti-insulin action

53
Q

Why is pregnancy a hypercoaguable state?

A
  • Increase in fibrinogen factor 8, vW factor, platelets
  • Decrease in natural anticoagulants - antithrombin III
  • Increase in fibrinolysis

Reproduction (15 decks)

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