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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What mesoderm goes on to form the urogenital system?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

In which region of the body does pronephros form?

A

Cervical region

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3
Q

In which region of the body does mesonephros form?

A

Thoracolumbar region

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4
Q

In which region of the body does metanephros form?

A

Pelvic region

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5
Q

What structure in the embryo acts as a common opening for the gut tube and urogenital system?

A

Cloaca

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6
Q

What does the cloaca divide to form?

A

Rectum

Urogenital sinus

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7
Q

What does the mesonephric duct drain into?

A

Urogenital sinus

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8
Q

What structure does the allantois extend from?

A

Cloaca

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9
Q

What does the allantois degenerate into?

A

Urachus (Median umbilical ligament)

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10
Q

What does the gonadal ridge form from?

A

A thickening of mesonephros

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11
Q

What forms the indifferent gonad?

A

Germ cells migrating from yolk sac, that embed into primitive sex cords (from genital ridges)

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12
Q

What forms the paramesonephric duct?

A

Epithelium envaginating from the mesonephric duct

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13
Q

Which duct (mesonephric / paramesonephric) degenerates in male gonad formation?

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

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14
Q

Which duct (mesonephric / paramesonephric) degenerates in female gonad formation?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

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15
Q

What structure forms the epididymis, vas deferencs and seminal vesicle in males?

A

Mesonephric duct

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16
Q

What structure forms the bladder, urethra and prostate in males?

A

Urogenital sinus

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17
Q

What structure forms the fallopian tube, uterus, cervix in females?

A

Paramesonephric duct

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18
Q

What structure forms the bladder and lower part of the vagina?

A

Urogenital sinus

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19
Q

What gene in males develops the indifferent gonad into a testes?

A

SRY gene

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20
Q

What protein does SRY encode for?

A

TDF (testis determining factor)

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21
Q

What do primordial supporting cells that express the SRY gene become?

A

Sertoli cells

22
Q

What is secreted by Sertoli cells?

A

Mullerian-Inhibiting-Substance

23
Q

What does MIS transform mesenchymal cells between cords to form?

A

Leydig cells

24
Q

What does MIS do to the paramesonephric duct?

A

Degeneration

25
Q

What hormone is produced by Leydig cells to form external genitalia?

A

Testosterone

26
Q

What is the default state of differentiation for the indifferent gonad?

A

Development into ovary

27
Q

What structure contracts to pull gonads into the pelvic region (and through the inguinal canal in males)?

A

Gubernaculum

28
Q

What structure does the gubernaculum form in females?

A

Ovarian and round ligament

29
Q

What are some complications of undescended testes?

A

Infertility
Malignant transformation
Testicular torsion

30
Q

What may degenerated mesonephros lead to in females?

A

Cyst formation

31
Q

List some anomalies of the female reproductive tract

A

Complete duplication
Bicornuate uterus
Septate uterus
Arcuate uterus

32
Q

During which week of embryonic development does gastrulation, neurulation and somite formation occur?

A

Week 3

33
Q

Which weeks of embryonic development are concerned with organogenesis?

A

Weeks 4-8

34
Q

What happens if there is a failure of germ cell migration?

A

No gonads formed

35
Q

In males, what does the seminal vesicles develop from?

A

Outgrowth from caudal end of mesonephric duct

36
Q

In males, what does the prostate develop from?

A

Outgrowth from the urethra (from urogenital sinus)

37
Q

In females, what does the caudal end of the paramesonephric duct become?

A

Uterus and superior part of vagina

38
Q

At what stage do the testis enter the scrotum?

A

Just prior to birth

39
Q

What is the management for undescended testes?

A

Orchiopexy

40
Q

List some of the effects of teratogens?

A 
Intrauterine death
Structural (congenital) malformations
IUGR or growth defects
Neurodevelopmental/behaviour dysfunction
Developmental delay
Carcinogenesis
41
Q

List some facial differences in fetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • Small head
  • Low nasal bridge
  • Epicanthal folds
  • Smooth philtrum
  • Thin upper lip
  • Underdeveloped jaw
42
Q

What is the classical triad for congenital rubella syndrome?

A
  • Sensorineural deafness
  • Eye abnormalities (esp. retinopathy, cataract and microphthalmia)
  • Congenital heart disease (pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus)
43
Q

What medications may cause respiratory depression in neonates?

A

Opiate medications

44
Q

When is the greatest risk of adverse effects on teratogen exposure?

A

Weeks 3 and 11

45
Q

Where does the uterine artery pass in relation to the ureter?

A

Ureter passes under the uterine vessels

46
Q

Where does the ureter pass in relation to the bifurcation of the iliac vessels?

A

Ureter passes over bifurcation of iliac vessels

47
Q

What spinal nerves provides sympathetic supply to the ureter?

A

T10-T11

48
Q

What spinal nerves provides parasympathetic supply to the ureter?

A

S2-4

49
Q

What spinal nerves provides sensory supply to the ureter?

A

T11-T12

50
Q

What are the three constrictions of the ureter?

A
  • Pelvi-ureteric Junction
  • Pelvic Brim
  • Intramural part
51
Q

What are some technical risk factors for ureteric injury in hysterectomy?

A
  • High BMI
  • Haemorrhage
  • Coexistent bladder injury
  • inexperienced surgeon

Reproduction (15 decks)

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