Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproduction > Gynaecology > Flashcards

Gynaecology Flashcards

1
Q

In young patients, what does Gilick competence refer to?

A

-Children under 16 can consent if they have sufficient understanding and intelligence to understand what is involve in proposed treatment, and potential consequences etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If a child does not pass Gilick test, who’s consent is needed prior to treatment?

A

Parental consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the competency guideline used for provision of contraception to someone under the age of 16?

A

Fraser Guidelines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When may Fraser Guideline enable the provision of contraceptive to someone under the age of 16?

A
  • The child will understand the advice
  • The doctor cannot persuade her to inform her parents that they are seeking contraceptive advice
  • They are very likely to continue to have sexual intercourse with or without contraceptive treatment
  • Their physical or mental health will likely suffer unless contraceptive advice/treatment is given.
  • Their best interests require it without parental consent.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in female changes in puberty?

A
  • Growth accelerates and secondary sexual characteristics appear
  • Increase in pulsatile GnRH from hypothalamus at night
  • Increase in pulsatile secretion of LH
  • Rise in estradiol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What takes place in gynaecological history taking in someone under the age of 16?

A
  • Establish rapport
  • Age of menarche
  • Cycle
  • Number of pads/tampons?
  • Pain
  • Sexual Activity, Contraception (in absence of parents)
  • Weight gain/loss
  • Exercise
  • Remember sexual abuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What takes place in gynaecological examination in someone under the age of 16?

A

Not done in first visit!

  • General
  • Breast
  • Gynaecological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What defines precocious puberty?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics before 8 yrs in girls, 9 in boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What defines delayed puberty?

A
  • No testicular development in boys by 14

- No breast development in girls by 13 (Or no periods by 15)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is pain attributed to in periods?

A

Prostaglandins

So anti-prostaglandins like mefenamic acid can be v helpful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can be used to help treat dysmenorrhoea?

A

-Mefenamic acid

Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (COCP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What types of bleeding disorders should be considered in a gynaecological history?

A
  • Von Willebrands, Platelet defects
  • Leuakemia

Also consider pregnancy complications and sexual abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What infections can result in pathological vaginal discharge?

A
  • Infections with organisms (E.coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas)
  • Hameolytic streptococcal vaginitis
  • Monial vaginitis
  • Forein body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What things should be considered for adolescent transgender patients?

A

Sandyford clinics
Support for individual/family/school
Fertility preservation - gamete freezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of prolapse?

A

Protusion of an organ or structure beyond its normal anatomical confines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the sympathetic supply to the bladder? (Storage)

A

T10-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to the bladder? (Voiding)

A

S2-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What provides the voluntary supply to the bladder?

A

S2-4 (Pudendal nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the normal maximum volume of the bladder?

A

400-600ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What situations contraindicate HRT?

A
  • Current Hormone dependant cancer (breast/endometrium)
  • Current active liver disease
  • Uninvestigated abnormal bleeding
  • Seek advice for prev VTE, thrombophilia, FH VTE, previous CA breast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some benefits to combined E+P HRT?

A

Lower endometrial cancer risk

Bleed free after 3 months or so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the benefits of HRT treatment?

A
  • Vasomotor symptom relief
  • Local genital symptom relief
  • Osteoporosis treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the risks of HRT treatment?

A

Breat cancer in combined HRT
Ovarian cancer risk
Venous thrombosis/stroke if oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the first line treatment for osteoporosis prevention/treatment?

A

Bisphosphonates

Not HRT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happens to testosterone levels in middle aged women?
Testosterone falls (Starting around age 30)
26
What is normal blood loss in a period?
Less than 80ml
27
What is the average age of menarche?
12 years
28
In what phase of the menstrual cycle does progesterone increase?
Luteal phase
29
In what ways can menstruation be disturbed?
Frequency disturbance Regularity disturbance Duration abnormalities Abnormal volumes
30
What would be considered infrequent periods?
>38 days between cycles
31
What are some risks involved in hysterectomy?
``` Infection DVT Bladder Bowel Vessel Injury Altered bladder function Adhesions ```
32
What are some disadvatanges of salpino-oophorectomy?
Immediate menopause
33
What are some advatanges of salpino-oophorectomy?
Reduces risk of subsequent ovarian cancer
34
List some structural causes of heavy menstrual bleeding?
PALM Polyp Adenomyosis Leiomyoma/Fibroid Malignancy
35
List some non-structural causes of heavy menstrual bleeding?
COEIN ``` Coagulopathy Ovulation Dysfunction Endometrium/Hyperplasia Iatrogenic Not Yet Classified ```
36
What types of cancers may be caused by HPV?
``` Cervix Penis Vulva/Vagina Anus Mouth Oropharynx ```
37
What name is given to abnormal growth of cervical squamous cells detectable on a smear?
Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL)
38
What name is given to abnormal cells in the cervix detected by biopsy and histological examination?
Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
39
What cells are within the endocervix?
Columnar epithelium
40
What cells are within the ectocervix?
Squamous epithelium
41
Why is the transitional zone of the cervix important?
Site of immature cells Unstable hormonal environment Vulnerable to infection (HPV) etc
42
What us used to stain the smear of cervical cells?
Papanicolaou method (PAP)
43
What are the features of abnormal cells in a cervical smear?
``` Nuclear features: Increased size and nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio Variation in size, shape and outline Coarse irregular chromatin Nucleoli ```
44
What type of cells reflect HPV infection in a cervical smear?
Koilocytes | Cells with wrinkled nucleus + perinuclear halo
45
Which test - cytology or HPV test - identifies cellular changes?
Cytology
46
Which test - cytology or HPV test - is specific?
Cytology
47
What are the next steps if a positive hrHPV test is picked up on a smear?
- Check cytology -> If normal, repeat test 1 year | - If dyskaryosis - refer to colposcopy for biopsy
48
What takes place in a colposcopy?
``` Education and advice Colposcopy -Magnification and light to see cervix -Exclude obvious malignancy -Use of acetic acid =/- Iodene: Identify limits of lesion Select biopsy site Define area to treat ```
49
What are the low risk types of HPV?
HPV 6, 11, 42, 44 etc | Causes genital warts + Low grade CIN
50
What are the high risk types of HPV?
HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 etc | Persistent infection Causes high grade CIN and rarely cancer
51
Which proteins are overexpressed in persistent HPV infection?
Viral E6 and E7 proteins
52
What is the definition of FGM?
Comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for cultural or non-medical reasons
53
What is excision in type 2 FGM?
Partial/total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of labia majora
54
What is infibulation in type 3 FGM?
Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal.
55
What is de-infibulation?
Surgical procedure to open up the closed vagina of FGM type 3
56
What are justifications used for FGM?
``` Preservation of virginity and chastity Religion, in the mistaken belief that it is a religious requirement Social acceptance Fear of social exclusion To ensure the girl is marriageable or to improve marriage prospect Hygiene and cleanliness Increasing sexual pleasure for the male Family honour Enhancing fertility ```
57
What short-term health impacts can FGM have?
``` Severe pain + shick Infection Injury to adjacent tissues Sprains, dislocations, broken bones etc from being restrained Immediate fatal haemorrhaging Infection by BBV ```
58
What long-term health impacts can FGM have?
- Urine retention and difficulties in menstruation - Uterine, vaginal and plevic infections - Cysts and neuromas - Complications in pregnancy and childbirth - Increased risk of fistula - On-going impact of trauma/PTSD - Sexual dysfunction - Psychological Effects
59
What law prohibits FGM in Scotland?
Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005
60
What are risk factors for FGM?
- Mother/other female relatives have undergone FGM - Mother etc has requested re-infibulation following childbirth - Parents express views that they value the practice - Girl withdrawn from teaching classes on PSE in higher education - Withdrawal from school for extended holiday
61
What services are available in relation to FGM?
Amina - Muslim women resource centre Saheliya Roshni

Reproduction (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions