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Year 3 - Reproductive > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Describe the process of sperm production and its hormonal control
  • Understanding of factors affecting spermatogenesis
  • List the major actions of sex steroids in the male
  • Understand the process of oogenesis
  • List the major actions of the sex steroids in females
  • Describe the hormonal control of ovarian and menstrual cycle
  • Understand the factors affecting oogenesis
A

Structure of the testis

Process of spermatogenesis

Endocrine control of testicular function and factors affecting spermatogenesis

Structure of the ovary

Process of oogenesis

Endocrine control of follicular development (ovarian cycle)

Endocrine control of the menstrual cycle

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2
Q

What process produces gametes (i.e. gametogenesis [oogenesis or spermatogenesis)

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

What is meiosis

A

Sex cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four haploid gamete cells, in 2 rounds of division

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4
Q

Process of oogenesis

-

A
  1. Diploid oogonium go through mitosis until one develops into a primary oocyte, which will begin the first meiotic division, but then arrest until later in life when it will finish this division in a developing follicle
  2. The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I, giving rise to a haploid secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body, then arrests until time of fertilisation when it will undergo meiosis II to release a mature ovum and another polar body
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5
Q

At the time of birth, all future eggs are in the prophase phase and have only undergone this first stage of meiosis

When does the second round of meiosis kick in

A

At adolescence, anterior pituitary hormones cause the development of a number of follicles in an ovary. This results in the primary oocyte finishing the first meiotic division

The cell divides unequally, with most of the cellular material and organelles going to the secondary oocyte, and only one set of chromosomes and a small amount of cytoplasm going to the polar body (usually dies)

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6
Q

What happens during ovulation

+ second meiotic division isn’t completed until…

A

A secondary oocyte will be released and travel toward the uterus through the oviduct (uterine tube)

If the secondary oocyte is fertilised, the cell continues through meiosis II, completing meiosis

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7
Q

Females develop millions of primordial follicles in utero

Most degrade by the time of birth

What happens to these primordial follicles with each menstrual cycle

A

A few mature with each cycle and rupture to release an egg into the uterus

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8
Q

Primordial follicle –> … –> … –> …

A

Primary follicle –> mature (graffian) follicle –> ovulation

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9
Q

2 phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase (primary follicle –> mature follicle)

Luteal phase (degeneration of mature egg)

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10
Q

The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle requires a surge of what hormone from the pituitary to mature a primary follicle into a graafian follicle ready for ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone

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11
Q

A natural increase in what ovarian hormone during the menstrual cycle causes an egg to mature and be released

What ovarian hormone is high during the secretory phase when eggs degenerate if they’re not fertilised

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

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12
Q

3 phases of the uterine cycle (occurs parallel to the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle)

A

Parallel to follicular phase of ovarian cycle

  • Menses (period)
  • Proliferative

Parallel to luteal phase of ovarian cycle
-Secretory - mature eggs can implant into uterus

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13
Q

Main female reproductive hormones (5)

A 
GnRH
FSH
LH
Oestradiol
Progesterone
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14
Q

Function of GnRH in terms of female reproductive system

A

Stimulate LH and FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Function of FSH from anterior pituitary in terms of female reproductive system

A

Stimulate follicular recruitment and development

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16
Q

Functions of LH from anterior pituitary in terms of female reproductive system (3)

A

Maintain dominant follicle

Induce follicular maturation and ovulation

Stimulate corpus luteum function

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17
Q

Functions of oestradiol (main oestrogen - made by ovaries in premenopausal women) (3)

A

Supports female secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive organs

Negative feedback for LH and GnRH BUT in late follicular phase, it is positive control for LH surge

Stimulates proliferative phase to repair endometrial lining after bleeding

18
Q

Functions of progesterone produced by corpus luteum

A

Maintenance of secretory endometrium

Negative feedback control of HPO

19
Q

By age 35, what % of eggs do you have left

A

5%

20
Q

Major actions of oestrogens (sex steroid) (5)

A 
Protein metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid (fat) metabolism
Water and electrolyte balance
Blood clotting
21
Q

Name all the structures that produce semen + which pf these produce the majority of it

A

Testes and epididymis –> Prostate –> Seminal vesicles (majority) –> Bulbourethral gland

22
Q

Structure of the testes

A

Consist of a series of lobules, each containing seminiferous tubules supported by interstitial tissue.

23
Q

Where are spermatozoa produced + they then travel to where to be concentrated + then travel to where to be stored + matured

A

Spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubules

The developing sperm travels through the tubules, collecting in the rete testes.

Ducts known as efferent tubules transport the sperm from the rete testes to the epididymis for storage and maturation

24
Q

Process of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia are the initial pool of diploid cell that divide by mitosis to give two identical cells.

One of these cells will be used to replenish the pool of spermatogonia and the other will replicate by mitosis several times to form identical diploid cells to form PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES

Primary spermatocytes then undergo meiosis

  • Meiosis I produces two haploid cells known as secondary spermatocytes
  • Meiosis II occurs straight after and produces four haploid cells known as spermatids
25
Q

The seminiferous tubules within the the testes are lined by what cells that aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa

In the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules lie what cells that are responsible for testosterone production

A

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells

26
Q

After meiosis II is complete and 4 spermatids have been formed, what process do they undergo while they travel to the epididymis

A

Spermiogenesis (remodelling and differentiation into mature spermatozoa)

27
Q

Major actions of testosterone

  • brain
  • skin
  • muscle
  • kidney
  • sexual organs
  • bone
A

Brain - libido, mood

Skin - hair growth, sebum production

Muscle - increase in strength

Kidney - stimulate EPO production

Sexual organs - penile growth, spermatogenesis

Bone - accelerated linear growth, closure of epiphyses

28
Q

Hormones involved in the female HPO axis

A

GnRH - from hypothalamus

FSH + LH - from AP

Steroid hormones - oestrogen (oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol), progesterone, testosterone - from ovary

29
Q

Most oestrogen exhibits negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP BUT when does oestrogen exhibit positive feedback

A

At mid-cycle (days 12-14) to cause release of LH (LH surge)

30
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle

A

FSH and LH stimulates a number of follicles to be recruited, beginning a new ovarian cycle

At mid cycle (days 12-14), positive feedback of oestrogen on hypothalamus and AP causes an LH surge which induces ovulation of a mature egg 36 hrs later

The rest of the follicle consisting of theca and granuloma cells go on to form the corpus luteum which produces progesterone to help maintain a suitable environment for egg implantation

If fertilisation doesn’t occur then the corpus luteum will degenerate into corpus albicans 14 days later and stop producing progesterone leading to the next cycle of menstrual bleeding; if fertilisation does occur, hCG supports surgical of the corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone until the placenta takes over for nutrition

31
Q

An egg follicle contains what 2 secretory cells

A

Theca - secretes inhibin

Granulosa - secretes oestrogen

32
Q

The menstrual cycle is under the effect of which hormone

A

Oestrogen

33
Q

At ovulation (mid-cycle), the endometrium becomes under the effect of progesterone - why?

A

Enhances thickening of lining of uterus and increases vascular supply to create suitable environment for implantation

34
Q

Most oestrogen exhibits negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP BUT when does oestrogen exhibit positive feedback

A

At mid-cycle (days 12-14) to cause release of LH (LH surge)

35
Q

Hormones involved in the male reproductive system

A

GnRH - gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Hypothalamus)

Gonadotrophins - FSH and LH (Pituitary)

Testosterone (Testis)

36
Q

Site of sperm production

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testis

37
Q

Describe the function of the following in regards to males

  • germ cells
  • sertoli cells
  • interstitial leydig cells
A

Produce sperm

Support sperm producing cell, produce inhibin

Produce testosterone

38
Q

Describe how sperm travel once it’s been secreted by the testes

A

Travels to the epididymis to

  1. Mature
  2. Gain mitochondria
  3. Develop tail

Then travels through vas deferens to seminal vesicles then prostatic urethra which adds more seminal fluid, further continuing through the urethra and out of the penis

39
Q

Sperm are produced from

A

Puberty then throughout life

40
Q

Factors affecting oogenesis/spermatogenesis

A

Problem with the hormonal control (genetic, tumours, medications, functional), e.g. turner’s syndrome (genetic), klinefelter (genetic)

Problem at the site of production (genetic, cancer treatment induced, surgery, trauma, infections)

41
Q

Predominant factor affecting female fertility

A

Age - decline in ovarian reserve

Year 3 - Reproductive (18 decks)

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