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Year 3 - Reproductive > Anatomy part 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the

  • sacral promontory
  • ala of sacrum
  • arcuate line of ilium
  • pecten pubis
  • pubic tubercle
  • pubic crest
A

.

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2
Q

What is the inferior pelvic outlet bounded by

  • anteriorly
  • laterally
  • posteriorly
A

Anterior - pubic arch

Lateral - ischial tuberosities + sacrotuberous ligaments

Posterior - tip of coccyx

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3
Q

Lesser pelvis also known as the

A

True pelvis

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4
Q

Compared to males, the following features of the female pelvis are

  • greater pelvis - depth
  • lesser pelvis - width + depth
  • pelvic inlet - shape
  • pelvic outlet - size
  • subpubic angle
A 
shallower
wider + shallower
oval/round
larger - to allow baby to exit
>90 degrees
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5
Q

Sacroiliac is what type of joint

A

Synovial plane

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6
Q

Pubic symphysis is what type of joint

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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7
Q

Muscles forming these walls of the pelvic cavity

  • lateral
  • posterior
  • floor
A

Lateral - obturator internus
Posterior - piriformis
Floor - levator ani + coccygeus

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8
Q

What nerve network lies on piriformis (posterior wall of pelvis)

A

Sacral plexus

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of levator ani + collective functions of the levator ani

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

Support abdominopelvic organs and maintain faecal + urinary continence

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10
Q

2 functions of the pelvic floor

A

Support the abdominopelvic organs

Urinary + faecal incontinence

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11
Q

Innervation of pelvic floor

A

Sacral plexus

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12
Q

Define a

  • cystocele

- rectocele

A

Cystocele - prolapse of bladder into vagina (anterior prolapse)

Rectocele - prolapse of anterior wall of rectum into posterior wall of vagina (posterior prolapse)

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13
Q

How does childbirth injure pelvic floor

A

Weakens levator ani and pelvic fascia due to stretching and can also alter position of bladder neck and urethra leading to urinary incontinence

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14
Q

Why may an episiotomy (incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall) be done during childbirth

A

To enlarge vaginal opening so baby can come out easier + prevent severe tear of perineum

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15
Q

Major arterial supply to the pelvis is from branches of which arteries

A

Branches of the right and left internal iliac artery

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16
Q

Main artery supplying the perineum

A

Internal pudendal (branch of internal iliac)

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17
Q

Which branch of the internal iliac supplies some of the pelvic muscles, ilium and head of femur

A

Obturator artery

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18
Q

Which branches of the internal iliac supplies the seminal glands, prostate + rectum

A

Middle + inferior rectal

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19
Q

Which branch of the uterine artery supplies the vagina and base of bladder

A

Vaginal artery

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20
Q

Which branch of the internal iliac supplies the uterus

A

Uterine artery

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21
Q

Which branches of the abdominal aorta supply the testes/ovaries

A

Gonadal artery (testicular and ovarian respectively)

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22
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into the portal circulation

A

Upper 2/3 –> superior mesenteric vein –> liver

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23
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into the systemic circulation

A

Lower 1/3 –> middle rectal vein –> IVC

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24
Q

Why may haemorrhoids be associated with liver cirrhosis

A

Liver cirrhosis increases portal pressure so venous drainage won’t be as efficient therefore leading to swollen engorged veins in the rectum –> haemorrhoids

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25
Q

Which venous plexus does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with on its posterior surface

What is the significance of this

A

Vertebral venous plexus

Route of bone metastasis in prostate cancer as the prostatic venous plexus drains into the internal iliac vein which connects with the vertebral venous plexus

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26
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve provides somatic innervation to what in males/females (only want sensory answer, not motor)

A

Sensation to

  • Anteromedial thigh
  • Males - skin over root of penis
  • Females - labia majora
27
Q

Genitofemoral nerve has 2 branches - genital branch and femoral branch

What does each branch supply

A

Genital branch - motor to cremaster muscle and provides sensation to anterior scrotal skin

Femoral branch - sensation to medial surface of superior thigh

28
Q

Clinical significance of the genitofemoral nerve

A

Cremasteric reflex - contraction of the cremaster muscle when medial surface of superior thigh touched because their nerve supplies are connected

29
Q

Pudendal nerve arises from plexus what and has what nerve roots

A

Sacral plexus

S2-4

30
Q

Bony landmarks for pudendal nerve when performing a pudendal nerve block during labour

A

Ischial spines

31
Q

Pudendal nerve descends from sacral plexus and leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, crosses sacrospinous ligament then re-enters pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen

After re-entering the pelvis, it accompanies the internal pudendal artery and vein through what canal

A

Pudendal canal (also known as Alcock’s canal – a structure formed by the fascia of the obturator internus muscle)

32
Q

Pudendal nerve innervates what (motor + sensory)

A

Motor

  • levator ani
  • bulbospongiosus
  • ischiocavernosus
  • external urethral sphincter

Sensory

  • skin of external genitalia
  • skin of perineum
  • peri-anal skin
33
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the pelvis arises from what plexus

A

Superior hypogastric plexus (Sacral splanchnic nerves)

34
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the pelvis arises

A

S2-S4 nerves (pelvic splanchnic nerves)

35
Q

4 primary lymph nodes in the pelvis receiving drainage of the pelvic organs

A

External iliac
Internal iliac
Sacral
Common iliac

36
Q

External iliac lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

Inguinal lymph nodes - MAINLY

Middle/anterior pelvic organs - external genitalia, vagina, cervix, uterus

37
Q

Internal iliac lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

Inferior pelvic organs - e.g. prostate
Gluteal region
Deep perineum

38
Q

Sacral lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

Posteroinferior pelvic organs

39
Q

Components of the male genital (external + internal)

A

External

  • penis
  • urethra
  • scrotum

Internal

  • testes
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
40
Q

In males, the gonads (testes) are located outside the abdominopelvic cavity but remain connected to the structures located within the abdominopelvic cavity

Why is this?

A

To keep temperature optimal for sperm production as scrotum are a cooler temp which enzymes of spermatogenesis work better at

41
Q

Inguinal canal carries the spermatic cord

What are the main contents of the spermatic cord

A

Blood vessels - testicular artery, cremasteric a + v

Nerves - genitofemoral nerve

Vas deferens

Lymph vessels

42
Q

Outer fibrous layer of the testes

A

Tunica albuginea

43
Q

What is the peritoneal sac covering the testes called (covers the tunica albuginea)

+ what are the 2 layers of it

A

Tunica vaginalis

Visceral and parietal layer

44
Q

What material is present between the 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis

A

Serous fluid

45
Q

What is a hydrocele and haemtocele

A

Collection of serous fluid or blood respectively in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis

46
Q

Arterial supply of testes

A

Testicular arteries - L2

47
Q

The testicular arteries travel retroperitoneally and cross what 2 structures near the pelvic brim

A

Ureter

External iliac artery

48
Q

Venous drainage of testes is via what plexus

A

Pampiniform plexus

49
Q

Function of the pampiniform plexus

A

Part of thermoregulatory system to keep testes at a constant temp

50
Q

Right testicular vein drains into

Left testicular vein drains into

A

IVC

Left renal vein

51
Q

What is a varicocele

A

Swelling of the veins of the pampiniform plexus

52
Q

Testes lymphatic drainage (2)

A

Lumbar

Para-aortic

53
Q

Function of vas deferens

A

Carries sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles, when it joins the duct of the seminal vesicles it becomes the ejaculatory duct

54
Q

Pathway of sperm production

A

Produced by testes –> travels to epididymis to mature –> carried by vas deferens to seminal vesicles where the ejaculatory duct is formed –> prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> further secretions added by bulbourethral glands into penile urethra

55
Q

Bulbourethral glands empty their secretions into which part of the urethra

A

Penile/spongy

56
Q

Prostate lymphatic drainage (1)

A

Internal iliac nodes

57
Q

Seminal vesicle lymphatic drainage (2)

A

External + internal iliac nodes

58
Q

Scrotum lymphatic drainage (1)

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

59
Q

Penis lymphatic drainage (2)

A

Superficial + deep inguinal nodes

60
Q

Special feature in the histology of testes

A

Interstitial Leydig cells between tubules - produce testosterone

61
Q

Special feature in the histology of prostate

A

Eosinophilic masses called corpora amylacea in older men

62
Q

Majority of the male genital tract is lined by what epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar

63
Q

Contents of lesser sciatic foramen (3)

A

Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery + vein
Obturator internus

64
Q

Contents of greater sciatic foramen (formed by sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments)

  • nerves
  • vessels
  • muscles
A

Nerves - sciatic, superior/inferior gluteal, pudendal and others

Vessels - superior/inferior gluteal a + v, internal pudenal a + v

Piriformis - separates it into 2 halves

Year 3 - Reproductive (18 decks)

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