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Year 1 MBChB Gastrointestinal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What layer contains the enteric nervous system?

A

Lamina propria

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2
Q

What layer contains the submucous plexus and what does it control?

A

Submucosa

Epithelium and blood vessels

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3
Q

What layer contains the myenteric/Auchbach’s plexus and what does it control?

A

Muscularis externa

Muscle

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4
Q

Inner … layer and outer … layer + function?

A

Circular and food churning

Longitudinal and peristalsis

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5
Q

2 molecules that causes muscle contraction and 3 that cause relaxation?

A

Ach and substance P

NO, VIP and ATP

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6
Q

Slow waves are generated by what cells + where are they found?

A

ICC

Between circular and longitudinal layer

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7
Q

ICCs maintain the basic electrical rhythm which is high/low between meals?

A

Low

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8
Q

How does electrical activity spread between muscle cells?

A

Gap junctions

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9
Q

What tone dominates control of the GI system?

A

Vagal tone

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10
Q

Ach effect on peristalsis, stomach and sphincters?

A

Increases

Relaxes

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11
Q

What is the gastroileal/vago-vagal reflex?

A

Gastrin in the stomach stimulates peristalsis in the ileum

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12
Q

Example of a local reflex?

A

Peristalsis

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13
Q

Function and frequency of the colonic mass movement?

A

Moves faeces into rectum

Once daily

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14
Q

Function of the migrrating motor complex?

A

Moves food from stomach into ileum

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15
Q

What part of the brain is affected by fat levels + 2 signals that communicate high fat levels?

A

Hypothalamus
Leptin
Insulin

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16
Q

Function of ghrelin?

A

Cause hunger to increase food intake

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17
Q

Function of obestatin?

A

Opposes ghrelin to reduce food intake?

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18
Q

Stomach has an extra layer of muscle to allow churning of food. True or false?

A

True

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19
Q

Molecule secreted by salivary glands + function?

A

Amylase + carbohydrate digestion

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20
Q

Difference between electrical activity in the top and bottom of the stomach?

A 
Top = constant/tonic
Bottom = slow waves
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21
Q

Function of retropulsion?

A

To break down chyme so it can pass through pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

Histological sign of the GO junction + change in epithelium?

A

Z line

Stratified squamous to columnar

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23
Q

Comparison of gastric pits of the cardia, body and pylorus?

A 
Cardia = deep and loose
Body = shallow
Pylorus = deep and dense
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24
Q

Cephallic phase summary?

A

Ach/GRP activates G cells
Gastrin activates ECL cells
Histamine and gastrin act on parietral cells
D cells inhibited

25
Q

Gastric phase summary?

A

pH increase activates D cells

Somatostatin blocks parietal cells

26
Q

Molecule which protects mucosa in the stomach?

A

PGE2

27
Q

What do ECL cells secrete + function?

A

Histamine

Activates parietal cells

28
Q

What do parietal cells secrete + function?

A

HCl, intrinsic factor and gastroferrin
Converts pepsinoge to pepsin
Binds B12 and iron

29
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

30
Q

G cells secrete + function?

A

Gastrin

Activates parietal cells

31
Q

D cell secrete + function?

A

Somatostatin

Blocks parietal cells

32
Q

The H/K ATPase moves to what end of the cell in response to activation?

A

Apical

33
Q

Which part of the intestine has Payer’s patches?

A

Ileum

34
Q

How do NSAIDs damage the stomach?

A

Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 which normally form PGE2

35
Q

Cells that covers Payer’s patches?

A

M cells

36
Q

M cells and dendritic cells present to … cells in theh Payer’s patch?

A

B cells

37
Q

What Ig do B cells make in Payer’s patches?

A

IgA

38
Q

B cells use what to bind to what on the gut lumen?

A

a5b7-intrgin

MAd-CAM-1

39
Q

Loss of which cells in the lamina propria causes gut infection?

A

CD4 +

40
Q

What cells secrete CKK and where?

A

I cells in the small intestine

41
Q

What cells secrete secretin and + function?

A

S cells in the small intestine

Promotes HCO3 production

42
Q

What is the enterogastric reflex?

A

CKK and secretin prevents stomach emptying

43
Q

What do M cells release + function?

A

Motilin

Starts MMC

44
Q

What cells secrete GIP + function?

A

K cells

Causes insulin release from the pancreas

45
Q

What happens to the larynx when food is swallowed?

A

Elevates to stop food from entering oesophagus

46
Q

What triggers a secondary peristalstic wave if food is stuck in the oesophagus?

A

Distension

47
Q

Name 2 polysaccharides?

A

Starch

Glycogen

48
Q

Alpha amylase from saliva and pancreas breaks what polysaccharides bonds into oligosaccharides - name 3?

A

alpha-1,4
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

49
Q

Enzymes at the brush border of the small intestine break down oligosaccharides. True or false?

A

True

50
Q

Lactose breaks down into?

A

Glucose and galactose

51
Q

Sucrose breaks down into?

A

Fructose and glucose

52
Q

Maltose breaks down into?

A

Glucose

53
Q

Why is isomaltase speacial?

A

Can break alpha-1,6-branches

54
Q

SGLT1 transports?

A

Glucose and galactose

55
Q

GLUT5 transports?

A

Fructose

56
Q

Channel that mediates all monosaccharisde transport?

A

GLUT2

57
Q

What cleaves peptides into oligopeptides and is it essential?

A

Pepsin

No

58
Q

Lactose is a lack of which enzyme?

A

Lactase

Year 1 MBChB Gastrointestinal (15 decks)

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