Physiology

Question 1

What layer contains the enteric nervous system?

Answer 1

Lamina propria

Question 2

What layer contains the submucous plexus and what does it control?

Answer 2

Submucosa

Epithelium and blood vessels

Question 3

What layer contains the myenteric/Auchbach’s plexus and what does it control?

Answer 3

Muscularis externa

Muscle

Question 4

Inner … layer and outer … layer + function?

Answer 4

Circular and food churning

Longitudinal and peristalsis

Question 5

2 molecules that causes muscle contraction and 3 that cause relaxation?

Answer 5

Ach and substance P

NO, VIP and ATP

Question 6

Slow waves are generated by what cells + where are they found?

Answer 6

ICC

Between circular and longitudinal layer

Question 7

ICCs maintain the basic electrical rhythm which is high/low between meals?

Answer 7

Low

Question 8

How does electrical activity spread between muscle cells?

Answer 8

Gap junctions

Question 9

What tone dominates control of the GI system?

Answer 9

Vagal tone

Question 10

Ach effect on peristalsis, stomach and sphincters?

Answer 10

Increases

Relaxes

Question 11

What is the gastroileal/vago-vagal reflex?

Answer 11

Gastrin in the stomach stimulates peristalsis in the ileum

Question 12

Example of a local reflex?

Answer 12

Peristalsis

Question 13

Function and frequency of the colonic mass movement?

Answer 13

Moves faeces into rectum

Once daily

Question 14

Function of the migrrating motor complex?

Answer 14

Moves food from stomach into ileum

Question 15

What part of the brain is affected by fat levels + 2 signals that communicate high fat levels?

Answer 15

Hypothalamus
Leptin
Insulin

Question 16

Function of ghrelin?

Answer 16

Cause hunger to increase food intake

Question 17

Function of obestatin?

Answer 17

Opposes ghrelin to reduce food intake?

Question 18

Stomach has an extra layer of muscle to allow churning of food. True or false?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Molecule secreted by salivary glands + function?

Answer 19

Amylase + carbohydrate digestion

Question 20

Difference between electrical activity in the top and bottom of the stomach?

Answer 20

Top = constant/tonic
Bottom = slow waves

Question 21

Function of retropulsion?

Answer 21

To break down chyme so it can pass through pyloric sphincter

Question 22

Histological sign of the GO junction + change in epithelium?

Answer 22

Z line

Stratified squamous to columnar

Question 23

Comparison of gastric pits of the cardia, body and pylorus?

Answer 23

Cardia = deep and loose
Body = shallow
Pylorus = deep and dense

Question 24

Cephallic phase summary?

Answer 24

Ach/GRP activates G cells
Gastrin activates ECL cells
Histamine and gastrin act on parietral cells
D cells inhibited

Question 25

Gastric phase summary?

Answer 25

pH increase activates D cells | Somatostatin blocks parietal cells

Question 26

Molecule which protects mucosa in the stomach?

Answer 26

PGE2

Question 27

What do ECL cells secrete + function?

Answer 27

Histamine | Activates parietal cells

Question 28

What do parietal cells secrete + function?

Answer 28

HCl, intrinsic factor and gastroferrin Converts pepsinoge to pepsin Binds B12 and iron

Question 29

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 29

Pepsinogen

Question 30

G cells secrete + function?

Answer 30

Gastrin | Activates parietal cells

Question 31

D cell secrete + function?

Answer 31

Somatostatin | Blocks parietal cells

Question 32

The H/K ATPase moves to what end of the cell in response to activation?

Answer 32

Apical

Question 33

Which part of the intestine has Payer's patches?

Answer 33

Ileum

Question 34

How do NSAIDs damage the stomach?

Answer 34

Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 which normally form PGE2

Question 35

Cells that covers Payer's patches?

Answer 35

M cells

Question 36

M cells and dendritic cells present to ... cells in theh Payer's patch?

Answer 36

B cells

Question 37

What Ig do B cells make in Payer's patches?

Answer 37

IgA

Question 38

B cells use what to bind to what on the gut lumen?

Answer 38

a5b7-intrgin | MAd-CAM-1

Question 39

Loss of which cells in the lamina propria causes gut infection?

Answer 39

CD4 +

Question 40

What cells secrete CKK and where?

Answer 40

I cells in the small intestine

Question 41

What cells secrete secretin and + function?

Answer 41

S cells in the small intestine | Promotes HCO3 production

Question 42

What is the enterogastric reflex?

Answer 42

CKK and secretin prevents stomach emptying

Question 43

What do M cells release + function?

Answer 43

Motilin | Starts MMC

Question 44

What cells secrete GIP + function?

Answer 44

K cells | Causes insulin release from the pancreas

Question 45

What happens to the larynx when food is swallowed?

Answer 45

Elevates to stop food from entering oesophagus

Question 46

What triggers a secondary peristalstic wave if food is stuck in the oesophagus?

Answer 46

Distension

Question 47

Name 2 polysaccharides?

Answer 47

Starch | Glycogen

Question 48

Alpha amylase from saliva and pancreas breaks what polysaccharides bonds into oligosaccharides - name 3?

Answer 48

alpha-1,4 Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Question 49

Enzymes at the brush border of the small intestine break down oligosaccharides. True or false?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Lactose breaks down into?

Answer 50

Glucose and galactose

Question 51

Sucrose breaks down into?

Answer 51

Fructose and glucose

Question 52

Maltose breaks down into?

Answer 52

Glucose

Question 53

Why is isomaltase speacial?

Answer 53

Can break alpha-1,6-branches

Question 54

SGLT1 transports?

Answer 54

Glucose and galactose

Question 55

GLUT5 transports?

Answer 55

Fructose

Question 56

Channel that mediates all monosaccharisde transport?

Answer 56

GLUT2

Question 57

What cleaves peptides into oligopeptides and is it essential?

Answer 57

Pepsin | No

Question 58

Lactose is a lack of which enzyme?

Answer 58

Lactase